Question # 1 (Multiple Answer) Causes of Central diabetes insipidus

A) genetics
B) pituitary or hypothalamic tumor
C) head injury
D) renovascular hypertension
E) lupus erythematosus

Question # 2 (Multiple Answer) Factors which may induce diabetes insipidus:

A) hypercalcemia
B) postobstructive renal failure
C) lithium

Question # 3 (Multiple Choice) Relatively more powerful antihypertensive agent; likely to be used only if many other drugs failed to control hypertension:

A) ACE inhibitor
B) calcium channel blocker
C) beta-blocker
D) thiazide diuretic
E) vasodilator (e.g. hydralazine (Apresoline))

Question # 4 (Multiple Answer) Treatment for syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SI ADH)

A) water restriction
B) oral hypotonic saline
C) osmotic diuretics
D) demeclocycline (Declomycin)

Question # 5 (Multiple Answer) Carbonic anhydrase: properties --

A) primary location: distal tubule
B) activity: catalyzes dehydration of carbonic acid
C) blockade of carbonic anhydrase activity reduces body bicarbonate levels

Question # 6 (Multiple Answer) Toxicities: osmotic diuretics

A) hyponatremia
B) pulmonary edema
C) headache
D) dehydration

Question # 7 (Multiple Answer) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor -- clinical uses:

A) management of epilepsy
B) hypokalemic periodic paralysis
C) acute mountain sickness
D) metabolic alkalosis
E) glaucoma

Question # 8 (Multiple Answer) Causes of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SI ADH)

A) malignancies
B) pulmonary disease
C) surgery
D) drugs
E) tumors

Question # 9 (Multiple Answer) Factors which may induce diabetes insipidus:

A) demeclocycline (Declomycin)
B) hypokalemia
C) hypercalcemia
D) lithium
E) postobstructive renal failure

Question # 10 (Multiple Choice) Least likely to be used clinically today:

A) furosemide (Lasix)
B) ethacrynic acid (Edecrin)
C) bumetanide (Bumex)
D) torsemide (Demadex)

Question # 11 (Multiple Choice) Probable mechanism of diuretic action for thiazide diuretics:

A) inhibition of sodium transport at the loop of Henle
B) reduced glomerular filtration rates
C) inhibition of sodium chloride reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubule
D) osmotic diuresis; similar to mannitol
E) carbonic anhydrase inhibition

Question # 12 (Multiple Choice) Thiazide diuretics effect on uric acid secretion:

A) increases uric acid secretion
B) decreases uric acid secretion

Question # 13 (Multiple Answer) Furosemide (Lasix) toxicity

A) hyperkalemia
B) ototoxicity
C) hypouricemia
D) hypomagnesemia

Question # 14 (Multiple Answer) Thiazides: Toxicities:--

A) hypokalemic metabolic acidosis
B) hypouricemia
C) hypolipidemia
D) hyponatremia

Question # 15 (True/False) Hyperkalemia associated with use of potassium-sparing diuretics is less likely if beta-blockers or ACE inhibitors are concurrently administered:

A) true
B) false

Question # 16 (Multiple Answer) Potassium-sparing diuretics: clinical uses

A) Conn's syndrome
B) ectopic ACTH production
C) secondary aldosteronism cause by nephrotic syndrome

Question # 17 (Multiple Answer) Physiological consequences of carbonic anhydrase innovation:

A) bicarbonate loss
B) hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
C) reduced cerebrospinal fluid production
D) reduced aqueous humor production

Question # 18 (Multiple Choice) Primary treatment of central (cranial) diabetes insipidus

A) desmopressin (DDAVP)
B) chlorpropamide (Diabinese)

Question # 19 (Multiple Choice) Pharmacological antagonism at mineralocorticoid receptors:

A) triamterene (Dyrenium)
B) amiloride (Midamor)
C) spironolactone (Aldactone)

Question # 20 (Multiple Choice) Toxicity associated with triamterene (Dyrenium):

A) hyperkalemia
B) hypokalemia

Question # 21 (Multiple Answer) Clinical uses of furosemide (Lasix):

A) management of acute renal failure
B) treatment of hyperkalemia
C) management of anionic overload
D) management of hypercalcemia

Question # 22 (Multiple Answer) Primary diuretics used to the management hypertension

A) osmotic diuretics (mannitol)
B) thiazides
C) loop diuretics
D) potassium-sparing diuretics
E) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question # 23 (Multiple Choice) Least likely antihypertensive drug to be used in the management of mild hypertension:

A) low-dose ACE inhibitor
B) low-dose thiazide
C) low-dose calcium channel blocker
D) low-dose beta-blocker

Question # 24 (Multiple Answer) Physiological/pharmacokinetic effects of furosemide (Lasix) administration (IV)

A) rapid action
B) increased renal blood flow
C) reduced left ventricular filling pressure in CHF (congestive heart failure)

Question # 25 (True/False) Effective for short-term management of Central diabetes insipidus: carbamazepine (Tegretol) + clofibrate

A) true
B) false

Question # 26 (True/False) Mechanism of action of potassium-sparing diuretics: inhibit aldosterone effects at the cortical collecting tubule in late distal tubule:

A) true
B) false

Question # 27 (Multiple Choice) Primary clinical application of acetazolamide (Diamox):

A) diuretic
B) antiglaucoma agent
C) treatment of acute mountain sickness

Question # 28 (Multiple Choice) Drug of choice and treatment of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus:

A) chlorothiazide (Diuril)
B) amiloride (Midamor)
C) bumetanide (Bumex)
D) triamterene (Dyrenium)
E) spironolactone (Aldactone)

Question # 29 (Multiple Answer) Major clinical uses of furosemide (Lasix)

A) pulmonary edema
B) acute hypercalcemia
C) management of systemic edema

Question # 30 (Multiple Answer) Clinical uses of thiazide diuretics:

A) management of hypertension
B) congestive heart failure
C) nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
D) nephrolithiasis

Question # 31 (Multiple Answer) Clinical presentations associated with Central (cranial) diabetes insipidus:

A) large volumes of concentrated urine excreted
B) urine is tasteless
C) with normal thirst, polydipsia is present
D) urine osmolality will increase following desmopressin administration

Question # 32 (Multiple Choice) Most likely to precipitate in the urine, causing renal stones

A) triamterene (Dyrenium)
B) amiloride (Midamor)
C) spironolactone (Aldactone)

Question # 33 (Multiple Choice) Causes of diabetes insipidus:

A) inadequate vasopressin secretion
B) insufficient kidney response to vasopressin
C) both
D) neither

Question # 34 (Multiple Choice) Central to treatment nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, reducing urine volume by up to 50%:

A) thiazide diuretics
B) loop diuretics
C) potassium-sparing diuretics
D) osmotic diuretics
E) carbonic anhydrase inhibitor's

Question # 35 (Multiple Choice) Potassium sparing diuretics -- may produce gynecomastia:

A) triamterene (Dyrenium)
B) spironolactone (Aldactone)
C) amiloride (Midamor)

Question # 36 (Multiple Choice) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with less systemic metabolic effect and no diuretic effect:

A) dorzolamide (Trusopf)
B) acetazolamide (Diamox)
C) procainamide (Procan SR, Pronestyl-SR)
D) torsemide (Demadex)
E) bumetanide (Bumex)