Nursing Pharmacology Chapter 13:  Pain Management:  Opioids

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Opioid Effects: Degree of Tolerance Developed

High

Intermediate

Limited/None

analgesia

bradycardia

miosis

euphoria, dysphoria

 

constipation

mental clouding

 

convulsions

 sedation

 

antagonist actions

respiratory depression

   

antidiuresis

   

nausea/vomiting

   

cough suppression

   

adapted from Figure 31-4: Way, W.L., Fields, H.L. and Way, E. L. Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists, in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, (Katzung, B. G., ed) Appleton-Lange, 1998, p. 505.

 

Some Symptoms of Opioid Withdrawal

rhinorrhea

lacrimation

chills

hyperventilation

muscular aches

vomiting

anxiety

diarrhea

hostility

piloerection

yawning

hyperventilation

 

Opioid Drug Listing

 

  • alfentanil (Alfenta)

  • butorphanol (Stadol)

  • codeine

  • dezocine (Dalgan)

  • fentanyl (Sublimaze)

  • hydromorphone (Dilaudid)

  • levorphanol (Levo-dromoran)

  • meperidine (Demerol)

  • methadone (Dolophine)

  • morphine

  • nalbuphine

  • oxycodone (Roxicodone)

  • oxymorphone (Numorphan)

  • pentazocine (Talwain)

  • propoxyphene (Darvon)

  • sufentanil (Sufenta)

 

Combinations

  • Codeine/acetaminophen

  • Codeine/aspirin

  • Propoxyphene/aspirin

  • Codone/acetaminophen

  • Oxycodone/aspirin

Antitussives

  • Codeine

  • Dextromethorphan

  • Delsym

 

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