Question # 1 (Multiple Choice) Duration of action -- subarachnoid injection of ester-type local anesthetics

A) extremely short
B) extremely long

Question # 2 (Multiple Choice) Consequences of vasodilatory local anesthetic property:

A) reduced systemic absorption
B) shorter duration of action
C) both
D) neither

Question # 3 (Multiple Choice) Highest local anesthetic blood levels associated with this type of regional anesthesia:

A) epidural
B) brachial plexus
C) sciatic
D) intercostal
E) caudal

Question # 4 (Multiple Choice) Consequences of fetal acidosis (sometimes associated with prolonged labor) on local anesthetic accumulation in the fetus

A) reduced
B) enhanced

Question # 5 (Multiple Choice) Plasma concentration of local anesthetics determined by:

A) rate of tissue distribution
B) rate of drug clearance
C) both
D) neither

Question # 6 (Multiple Choice) Ester-type local anesthetic-most rapid hydrolysis

A) tetracaine (pontocaine)
B) procaine (Novocain)
C) chloroprocaine (Nesacaine)

Question # 7 (Multiple Choice) Enhancement of spinal anesthesia by the presence of epinephrine in local anesthetics: Reason(s) --

A) increased substance P release
B) increased dorsal horn neuronal activity
C) decreased local neuronal uptake
D) none of the above

Question # 8 (Multiple Choice) Ester type local anesthetics are more likely available for significant placental transfer

A) true
B) false

Question # 9 (Multiple Answer) Propranolol (Inderal) -- local anesthetic effect(s):

A) inhibits bupivacaine (Marcaine) extraction
B) increases lidocaine (Xylocaine) plasma clearance
C) decreases bupivacaine (Marcaine) plasma clearance

Question # 10 (Multiple Choice) Duration of action

A) Ester-type local anesthetics -- longer duration of action compared to amides
B) Amide-type local anesthetics -- longer duration of action compared to esters

Question # 11 (Multiple Answer) Factor(s) that may reduce plasma cholinesterase activity:

A) hepatic disease
B) elevated BUN
C) parturient patient

Question # 12 (Multiple Choice) Systemic toxicity: ester-type local anesthetics

A) inversely proportional to hydrolytic rate
B) directly proportional the hydrolytic rate

Question # 13 (Multiple Answer) Chemical properties -- local anesthetics

A) weak bases
B) may exist as a cation
C) may exist in uncharged form
D) most local anesthetics have pKa's ranging from 6.0-7.0

Question # 14 (Multiple Answer) Local anesthetics: chemical properties

A) many local anesthetics are chiral
B) S enantiomers are often less toxic than racemates
C) ropivacaine (Naropin) is an example of a pure R enantiomer
D) all of the above

Question # 15 (Multiple Choice) Higher vascularity -- promotes increased, rapid local anesthetic absorption

A) tendon
B) tracheal mucosal

Question # 16 (Multiple Choice) Consequence of clonidine (Catapres) addition to local anesthetic solutions --

A) increase local anesthetic effect
B) reduce local anesthetic effect

Question # 17 (Multiple Choice) Clearance mechanisms for local anesthetics:

A) amides-mainly renal
B) esters-rapid clearance; hydrolysis
C) both
D) neither

Question # 18 (Multiple Choice) Local infection (acidotic conditions) --effect on anesthetic effectiveness

A) increased effectiveness
B) reduced effectiveness

Question # 19 (Multiple Answer) Factors that influence local anesthetic absorption and distribution:

A) dosage
B) presence of epinephrine in the local anesthetic solution
C) injection site
D) chemical properties of the drug

Question # 20 (Multiple Answer) Factors influencing local anesthetic distribution and plasma concentrations:

A) liver function
B) cardiovascular status
C) extent of protein binding
D) patient age

Question # 21 (Multiple Choice) Ester-type local anesthetic:

A) lidocaine (Xylocaine)
B) tetracaine (pontocaine)
C) ropivacaine (Naropin)
D) dibucaine (Nupercainal, generic)
E) bupivacaine (Marcaine)

Question # 22 (Multiple Choice) Pulmonary extraction from the venous circulation limits the amount of local anesthetic that will reach the systemic circulation

A) true
B) false

Question # 23 (Multiple Answer) Amide-type local anesthetic

A) cocaine
B) tetracaine (pontocaine)
C) prilocaine (Citanest)
D) lidocaine (Xylocaine)
E) bupivacaine (Marcaine)