General Principles: Introduction-Question Set #2

Percentage of all drugs that exist as enantiomeric pairs:
1. less than 1%
2. 5%-15%
3. 30%
4. > 50%
5. > 90%
Characteristic(s) of enantiomers:
1. chemically identical
2. mirror images of each other
3. both
4. neither
Description of enantiomers:
1. may be readily superimposed
2. enantiomers, when presence in equal proportions, are referred to as racemates
3. may be characterized by absolute configuration or by direction in which enantiomers rotate polarized light
4. A & C
5. B & C
Examples of enantiomeric differences important in anesthesia:
1. cardiotoxicity is probably associated with both enantiomers of bupivacaine
2. Ropivacaine is less cardiotoxic compared to bupivacaine because it is metabolized faster
3. cisatracurium is an atracurium isomer that doesn't cause histamine release
4. both l- and d- morphine occur in nature
Stereoselectivity and metabolism:
1. enzymes typically exhibit stereoselectivity -- a preference for one or the other enantiomeric form
2. duration of action of one enantiomer may be different from the other
3. both
4. neither
Major types of chemical forces/bonds:
1. hydrophobic interactions
2. electrostatic
3. covalent
4. A & C
5. A,B, & C
The binding of the activated form of phenoxybenzamine (alpha-receptor antagonist) with the alpha receptor is an example of this type of chemical force/bond:
1. electrostatic
2. covalent
3. hydrophobic interactions
Characteristics those aqueous diffusion:
1. occurs within large intracellular and extracellular components
2. occurs across epithelial membrane tight junctions
3. occurs across endothelial blood vessel lining -- often through pores
4. A & C
5. A, B & C
Factors that influence the rate of passive movement to molecules down the concentration gradient (Fick's Law)
1. concentration difference across the barrier
2. area across which diffusion occurs
3. drug mobility in the diffusion panel
4. thickness -- length of the diffusion pass
5. all the above
Saturable transport system(s):
1. facilitated diffusion
2. passive diffusion
3. active transport
4. A & B
5. A & C