Medical Pharmacology Chapter 17:  Antidepressant Agents

Section Table of Contents

Site Table of Contents

Previous Page

Page Forward

 

 

Section Table of Contents

Site Table of Contents

Previous Page

Page Forward

References

  1. Reus VI Mental Disorders, Chapter 386 in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th edition (Fauci AS Braunwald E Kasper DL Hauser SL Longo DL Jameson JL Loscalzo J, Eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York, on-line edition, 2008.

  2. Loosen PT Shelton RC Mood Disorders, Chapter 18 in Current Diagnosis and Treatment:  Psychiatry, 2nd edition (Ebert MH Loosen PT Nurcombe B Leckman JF, Eds),  McGraw-Hill, New York, on-line edition, 2008.

  3. CC-BY-SA-2.1-jp (Polygon data are from BodyParts 3D) Author:  Polygon data generated by Life Sciences Databases (LSDB). Rotating animation of the human brain. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frontal_lobe_animation.gif .

  4. Mysid, Principal fissures and lobes of the cerebrum (lateral view)  Figure 728 from Gray's Anatomy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lobes_of_the_brain_NL.svg .

  5. Badre D Cognitive control, hierachy, and the rostro-caudal organization of the frontal lobes Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol 12, issue 5, 193-200, May 2008.

  6. Pasquini M Biondi M Depression in cancer patients:  a critical review Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 3:2 2007, on-line edition, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797173/ .

  7. Grassi L, Rosti G: Psychiatric and psychosocial concomitants of abnormal illness behaviour in patients with cancer. Psychother Psychosom 1999, 65:246-252.

  8. Sharpe M Strong V Allen K Rush R Postma K Tulloh A Maguire P House A Ramirez A Cull A: Major depression in outpatients attending a regional cancer centre: screening and unmet treatment needs. Br J Cancer 2004, 90(2):314-20.

  9. Prieto JM Atala J Blanch J Carreras E Rovira M Cirera E Espinal A Gasto C: Role of Depression as a predictor of mortality among cancer patients after stem-cell transplantation. J ClinOncol 2005, 23:6063-6071.

  10. Coyne JC Palmer SC Shapiro PJ Thompson R DeMichele A: Distress, psychiatric morbidity, and prescriptions for psychotropic medication in breast cancer waiting room sample.Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2004, 26:121-128.

  11. Ell K, Sanchez K Vourlekis B Lee PJ Dwight-Johnson M LagomasinoI, Muderspach L, Russell C: Depression, correlates of depression, and receipt of depression care among low-income women with breast or gynecologic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005,23:3052-3060.

  12. Okamura M Yamawaki S Akechi T Taniguchi K Uchitomi Y: Psychiatric disorders following breast cancer recurrence: prevalence, associated factors and relationship to quality of life. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2002, 35(6):302-309.

  13. Burgess C Cornelius V Love S Graham J Richards M Ramirez A:  Depression and anxiety in women with early breast cancer:  five year observational cohort study. BMJ 2005, 330:702-707.

  14. Fasciano K and Miller K Depression and anxiety after cancer treatment:  Conversations on Survivorship, Lance Armstrong Foundation Adult Survivorship Program;  Perini Family Survivors' Center:  Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1WjHi3IXSA .

  15. Servaes P Verhagen C Bleijenberg G. Fatigue in cancer patients and after treatment:  Prevalence, correlates and interventions.   Eur J Cancer 38:  27-43, 2002.

  16. Morrow GR Hickok JT Roscoe JA Raubertas RF Andres PL Flynn PJ Hynes HE Banerjee TK Kirshner JJ King DK  Differential effects of paroxetine on fatigue and depression:  a randomized , double-blind trial from the University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program J Clin Oncol 21:  4635-4641, 2003.

  17. Capaldini L Feldman HIV/AIDS:  Chapter 33 in Behavioral Medicine:  A Guide for Clinical Practice 3rd edition  (Feldman MD Christensen JF, eds). on-line edition, 2008.

  18. HIV Lifecycle- "GlaxoSmithKline commissioned a three minute film on the life of cycle of the HIV virus,with an emphasis on the mechanism of the integrase molecule in its role in inserting the AIDS virus genome into the host T-cell DNA." (2002)  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9leO28ydyfU .

  19. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn., Text Revision. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.

  20. Josephson SA Method of attempted suicide predicts risk for future completed suicide, 8/12/2010 in: eus VI Mental Disorders, Chapter 386 in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th edition (Fauci AS Braunwald E Kasper DL Hauser SL Longo DL Jameson JL Loscalzo J, Eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York, on-line edition, 2008.

  21. Runeson B Tidemalm D Dahlin M Lichtenstein P Langsgtrom N Method of attempted suicide as predictor of subsequent successful suicide:  national long term cohort study. BMJ 340: c3222, 2010 (10 July 2010).

  22. Barrett JE Barrett JA Oxman TE Gerber PD The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a primary care practice Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:  1100-1106, 1988.

  23. Bourdon KH Rae DS Locke BZ Narrow WE Regier DA Estimating the prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adults from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey. Public Health Rep. 107(6): 663-668, 1992. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1403718/ .

  24. Wishnie HA Hackett TP Cassem NK Psychological hazards of convalescence following myocardial infarction.  JAMA 215(8):  1292-1296, Feb 22, 1971.

  25. Wynn A Unwarrented emotional distress in men with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Med. J. Aust 2: 847-851, 1967.

  26. Ropper AH Samuels MA Chapter 57:  Depression and Bipolar Disease in Adams & Victor's Principles of Neurology, 9th edition, 2009, online edition.

  27. Starkstein SE Robinon RG Price TR Comparison of cortical and subcortical lesions in the production of poststroke mood disorders. Brain 110(4) 1045-1059, 1987.

  28. Robinson RG Poststroke mood disorder. Hosp. Pract. 83-89, 1986.

  29. Carson AJ, MacHale S, Kathryn A Lawrie ASM Dennis M House A Sharpe M Depression after stroke and lesion location: a systematic review. The Lancet 356 (9224), 122-126, 8 July 2000.

  30. Bhogal SK Teasell R Foley N Speechley M Lesion location and poststroke depression. Systematic review of the methodological limitations in the literature. Stroke 35:  794-802, 2004.

  31. Cadoret RJ Winokur G Depression in alcoholism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 233: 34-39, 1974.

  32. Kessler RC Crum RM Warner LA Nelson CB Schulenberg J Anthony JC Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 54: 313-321, 1997.

  33. Conner KR Pinquart M Gamble SA Meta-analysis of depression and substance use among individuals with alcohol use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 37:  127-137, 2009.

  34. Cohen J A power primer.  Psychological Bulletin 112: 155-159, 1992.

  35. Rosenthal R Meta-analytic procedures for social research.  Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1991.

  36. Chronis-Tuscano A Molina BSG Pelham WE Applegate B Dahlke A Overmeyer M Lahey BB Very early predictors of adolescent depression and suicide attempts in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67 (10): 1044-1051, 2010.

  37. Messing RO Rubensterin JH Nestler EJ Chapter 390 Biology of Psychiatric Disorders Harrison's Online 18th edition (Longo, DL Kasper DL Jameson JL Fauci AS Hauser SL Loscalzo J, eds)  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2012.

  38. Pleotrope, Structure of protein CRHR1 (Based on PyMOL rendering of PDB (protein data base) 3EHS: 8/3/2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_CRHR1_PDB_3EHS.png

  39. Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticotropin_releasing_hormone_receptor_1).

  40. Ising M Holsboef F CRH1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 15(6):  519-528, 2007.

  41. Boghob2/Gonn Glucocorticoid Receptor, created using PyMol and ChemDraw, 7/22-23, 2007 .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glucocorticoid_receptor.png.

  42. Swaminathan J, MSD staff at the European Bioinformatics Institute, TIF2 coactivator protein (transcriptional mediators/intermediary factor 2), a.k.a glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP2), steroid receptor coactivator-2 (SRC-2). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1gwq_EBI.jpg .

  43. Hong H Kohil K Garabedian MJ Stallcup MR GRIP1, a transcriptional coactivator for the AF-2 transactivation domain of steroid,, thyroid, retinoid, and vitamin D receptors. Mol Cell Biol 17(5):  2735-2744 1997.

  44. Binder EB Salykina D Lichtner P et al. Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with increased recurrence of depressive episodes and rapid response to antidepressant treatment.  Nature Genetics, 16(12) 1319-1325, December, 2004.

  45. Csermely P Schaider T Soti C Prohaszka Z Nardai G The 90-kDa molecular chaperone family:  structure, function, and clinical applications.  A comprehensive review.  Pharmacol. Ther. 79(2):  129-168, 1998.

  46. Emw, Structure of the PKBP5 protein using a PyMOL rendinger of PDB 1kt0. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_FKBP5_PDB_1kt0.png .

  47. Tirkfl Hsp90 cycle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hsp90cycle.jpg .

  48. Hsp90 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsp90 .

  49. Goodwin DW Guze SB Psychiatric Diagnosis, 5th ed, New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.

  50. Levinson DF The Genetics of Depression: A Review, Biol. Psychiatry 60:  84-92, 2006.

  51. Maier W Lichtermann D Minges J Heun R Hallmayer J Benkert O Schizoaffective disorder and affective disorders with mood-incongruent psychotic features:  Keep separate or combine?  Evidence from a family study.  Am J Psychiatry 149:  1666-1673.

  52. Kendler KS Kuhn JW Prescott CA  Childhood sexual abuse, stressful life events and risk for major depression in women.  Pychol Med 34:  1475-1482.

  53. DeNeve KM Cooper H.  The happy personality:  A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being.  Psychol Bull 124:  197-229, 1998.

  54. Jang KL Livesley Wj Vernon PA Heritability of the big five personality dimensions and their facits: a twin study.  J Pers 64:  577-591, 1996.

  55. Kendler KS Neale MC Kessler RC Heath AC Eaves LJ A longitudinal twin study of personality and major depression in women.  Ach Gen Psychiatry 50:  863-862, 1993.

  56. Granet D Stein M "What is Social Anxiety Disorder", University of California, San Diego:  Health Matters Series, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4truuD_xMP0 .

  57. Pine D. National Institutes of Health, Genes and treatment for depression and anxiety. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzNdE6kD5tc .

  58. Risch N Herrell R Lehner T Liang K-Y Eaves L Hoh J Griem A Kovacs M Ott J Merikangas KR Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression:  A meta-analysis.  JAMA 301(23) 2462-2471 (2009).

  59. Walther DJ Bader M A unique central tryptophan hydroxylase isoform.  Biochem Pharmacol. 66:  1673-1680.

  60. Zill P Baghal TC Zwanzger P Schule C Eser D Rupprecht R Moller H-J Bondy B Ackenheil SNP and haplotype analysis of a novel tryptophan hydroxylase isoform (TPH2) gene provide evidence for association with major depression. Molecular Psychiatry 9, 1030-1036, 1004.

  61. Pereira PA Romano-Silva A Bicalho MAC De Marco L Correa H de Campos SB de Moraes EN de Lima Terres KC de Souze BR de Miranda DM Association between tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene and late-onset depression.  Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 19(9) 825-829, 2011.

  62. Van Dan Bogaert A Sleegers K De Zutter S Heyrman L Norrback K-F Adolfsson R Van Broeckhoven C Del-Favero J Association of brain-specific tryptophan hydroxylase, TPH2, with unipolar and bipolar disorder in a northern Swedish, isolated population.  Arch Gen Psychiatry 63(10) 1103-1110, 2006.

  63. Tsai SJ Hong CJ Liou YJ Yu YW Chen TJ Hou SJ Yen FC Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene is associated with major depression and antidepressant treatment response.  Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33(4):  637-641, 2009.

  64. CNSforum image bank, Lundbeck Institute "Mechanism of action of 5-HT re-uptake transporters" http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/Rcpt_sys_SN_transp/default.aspx .

  65. Windahl MS Serotonin biosynthesis pathway, http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Image:Indoleamin_chain.png .

  66. Windahl MS Canner D Harel M Berchansky Tryptophan hydroxylase  http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Tryptophan_hydroxylase .

  67. Kanellopoulos D Gunning FM Morimoto SS Hoptman MJ Murphy CF Kelly, Jr RE Glatt C Lim KO Alexopoulos GS Hippocampal volumes and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism in geriatric major depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 19(1):  13-22, January 2011.

  68. Ballmaier M Narr KL Toga AW Elderkin-Thompson V Thompson PM Hamilton L Haroon E Pham D Heinz A Kuman A Hippocampal morphology and distinguishing late-onset from early-onset elderly depression Am J Psychiatry 165:  229-237, 2008.

  69. Ashtari M Greenwald BS Kramer-Ginsberg E  Hu J Wu H Patel M Aupperle P Pollack S Hippocampal/amygdala volumes in geriatric depression Psychol med 29:  629-638, 1999.

  70. Bueller JA Aftab M Sen S Gomez-Hassan D Burmeister M Zubieta J-K  BDNF Val66Met allele is associated with reduced hippocampal volume in healthy subjects. Biol Psychiatry 59:  812-815, 2006.

  71. Bath KG Lee FS Variant BDNF (Val66Met) impact on brain structure and function.  Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 6:  79-85, 2006.

  72. BDNF Pathway Qiagen Sample & Assay Technology https://www.qiagen.com/geneglobe/pathwayview.aspx?pathwayID=55 .

  73. Microswitch BDNF structure, Protein Data Bank http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1BND.png .

  74. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor .

  75. Devets WC Neuroimaging and neuropathological studies of depression:  Implications for the cognitive-emotional features of mood disorders.  Curr Opin Neurobiol 11(2): 240-249, Apr 2001.

  76. Herzog J Reiff J Krack P Wit K Schrader B Muller D Deuschl G Manic episode with psychotic symptoms induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation in a patient with Parkinson's disease.  Mov Disord 18(11) 1382-1384, 2003.

  77. Sapolsky RM Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(10):  925-935, Oct. 2000.

  78. CNSforum image bank, Lundbeck Institute "The areas of the brain affected in depression. http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/brain_struc_DPN/default.aspx .

  79. Zellner M Neuroanatomy and pharmacology of depression http://www.veoh.com/watch/v7081348RpNXAY3q?searchId=810970478899992789&rank=11 .

  80. Lee S Jeong J Kwak Y Park SK Depression research:  where are we now?  Molecular brain 3: 8 2010 http://www.molecularbrain.com/content/3/1/8 .

  81. Kramer MS Cutler N Feighner J Shrivastava R Carman J Sramek JJ Reines SA Liu G Snavely D Wyatt-Knowles E Hale JJ Mills SG MacCoss M Swain CJ Harrison T Hill RG Hefti F Scolnick EM Casieri MA Chicchi GG Sadowski S Williams AR Hewson L Smith D Carlson EJ Hargreaves RJ Rupniak NM Distinct mechanism for antidepressant activity by blockade of central substance P receptors Science 281(5383) 1640-1645, 11 September 1998.

  82. Schlesser MA Winokur G Sherman BM Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in depressive illness.  Arch Gen Psychiatry 37(7):  37-743 1980.

  83. Dopamine and Serotonin pathways, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dopamineseratonin.png .

  84. The dopamine pathways in the brain, Lundbeck Institute, CNSforum, Educational Resources, Image Bank, http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/Neuro_path_DA/default.aspx .

  85. CNSforum image bank, Lundbeck Institute The hpothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Lundbeck Institute CNSforum http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/HPA_NORM_DPN_3/default.aspx .

  86. Pleotrope Structure of protein CRHR1, based on PyMol rendering of PDB (Protein Data Base) model. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_CRHR1_PDB_3EHS.png .

  87. Zoumakis E Rice KC Gold PW Chrousos GP Potential uses of corticotropin-releasing homone antagonists. Ann. New York Acad Sci  1083: 239-251 2006.

  88. Pfennig A Frye MA Koberle U Bauer M The mood spectrum and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis Psychiatry Weekly http://www.psychweekly.com/aspx/article/articledetail.aspx?articleid=48 .

  89. Haggstrom M Overview of thyroid system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thyroid_system.png .

  90. Johnson AF, Psychoanalysis:  An Introduction (support from the North Carolina Psychoanalytic Foundation) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WiLtQATY_1s .

  91. Beck J Cognitive Therapy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45U1F7cDH5k .

  92. Leahy RL What is Cognitive Therapy Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdFovvVJpr8 . see www.cognitivetherapynyc.com .

  93. Leahy RL What is Cognitive Therapy Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4o2ujvXsmM .see www.cognitivetherapynyc.com .

  94. Beck AT Cognitive Therapy. A 30 year retrospective. Am Psychol 46: 358-375 1991.

  95. Rupke SJ Blecke D Renfrow M Congitive Therapy for Depression American Family Physician 73(1) 83-86, 2006. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0101/p83.html .

  96. Rush AJ Beck AT Kovacs M Hollon S Comparative efficacy of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depressed outpatients Cognitive Therapy Research 1: 17-37, 1977.

  97. Dobson KS A meta-analysis of the efficacy of cognitive therapy for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 57:  414-419, 1989.

  98. Robinson LA Berman JS Neimeyer RA Psychotherapy for the treatment of depression. Psychol Bull 108:  30-49, 1990.

  99. Glaguen V Cottraus J Cucherat M Blackburn IM A meta-analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy in depression patients J Affect Disord 49:  59-72, 1998.

  100. DeRubeis RJ Gelfand LA Tang TZ Simons AD Medications versus cognitive behavior therapy for severely depressed outpatients;  meta-analysis for four randomized comparisons Am J Psychiatry 156:  1007-1013, 1999.

  101. Wampold BE Minami T Baskin TW Callen-Tierney S A meta-(re) analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy versus 'other therapies' for depression. J ffect Disord 68:  159-165 2002.

  102. Elkin I Shea MT Watkins JT Imber SD Sotsky SM Collins JF Glass DR Pikonis PA Leber WR Docherty JP Fiester SJ Parloff MB National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program:  general effectiveness of treatments General effectiveness of treatments Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:   971-982, 1989.

  103. Murphy G Simons AD Wetzel RD Lustman PJ Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy Arch Gen Psyciatry 441:  33-41 1984.

  104. Hollon SD DeRubeis RJ Evans MD Wiemer MJ Garvery MJ Grove WM Tuason VB Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression:  singly and in combination.  Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:  774-781 (1992).

  105. Cole SA Christensen JF Cole MR Cohen H Feldman MD Chapter 22.  Depression in Behavioral Medicine:  A Guide for Clinical Practice, (Feldman MD and Christensen JF, eds) 3rd edition, 2008, on-line edition.

  106. Jamison KR Personal Reflections on Manic-Depressive Illness http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxRLap9xLag .

  107. O'Donnell JM and Shelton RC Drug therapy of depression and anxiety disorders in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12the edition (Brunton LL, editor, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC, associate eds), Chapter 15, 397-415. 2011.

  108. Millan MG Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states:  Conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application.  Pharmacol Thery, 110:  135-170.

  109. Rush AJ Trivedi MH Wisniewski SR Nirenberg AA Steward JW Warder D Niederhe G Thase ME Lavori PW Lebowitz McGrath PJ Rosenbaum JF Sackeim HA Kupfer DJ Luther J Fava M Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps:  A STAR*D report Am J Psychiatry 163:  1905-1917, 2006.

  110. Delgado PL Miller HL Salomon RM Licinio J Krystal JH Moreno FA Heninger GR Charney DS Tryptophan-depletion challenge in depressed patients treated with desipramine or fluoxetine:  implications for the role of serotonin the mechanism of antidepressant action.  Biol Psychiatry 46:  22-220 1999.

  111. Catecholamine Biosynthesis: The Interactive Library; Edinformatics.com: http://www.edinformatics.com/interactive_molecules/info/adrenaline.htm .

  112. NEUROtiker Biosynthesis of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serotonin_biosynthesis.svg .

  113. CNSforum image bank, Lundbeck Institute "The normal process of 5-HT and noradrenaline neurotransmission" http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/Drug_SNRI_norm/default.aspx .

  114. CNSforum image bank, Lundbeck Institute "The mechanism of action of specific 5-HT re-uptake inhibitors" http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/Drug_SSRI_2/default.aspx .

  115. CNSforum image bank, Lundbeck Institute "The mechanism of action of specific noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors" http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/Drug_NARI_2/default.aspx

  116. Delgado PL Price LH Heninger GR Charney DS Neurochemistry of affective disorders.  In:  Paykel ES, ed. Handbook of Affective Disorders, 2nd ed. London:  Chruchill Livingstone, 1992.

  117. Shopsin B Friedman E Gershon S Parachlorophenylalanine reversal of tranylcypromine effects in depressed patients Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:  811-819, 1976 (second sourced from reference 116).

  118. Shopsin B Gershon S Goldstein M Friedman E Wilk S Use of synthesis inhibitors in defining a role for biogenic amines during imipramine treatment in depressed patients Psychopharmacol Comm 1:  239-249, 1975 (second sourced from reference 116).

  119. Delgado PL Price LH Miller HL Salomon RM Licinio J Krystal JH Heninger GR Charney DS Rapid serotonin depletion as a provocative challenge test for patients with major depression:  relevance to antidepressant action and the neurobiology of depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 27(3):  321-330, 1991.

  120. Miller HL Delgado PL Salomon RM Heninger GR Charney DS Effects of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) in drug-free depressed patients Neuropsychopharmacology 14:  151-157, 1996 (second sourced from reference 107).

  121. Schmidt HD Duman RS The role of neurotrophic factors in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, antidepressant treatments and animal models of depressive-like behavior.  Behavioural Pharmacology, 18:  391-488, 2007.

  122. Droual R Brain Stem Model:  Corpus Callosum & Hippocampus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJLHDPTrUYk .

  123. Life Science Databases (LSDB) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocampus.gif .

  124. Zhao A Baros AM Zhang H-T Lapiz MDS Bondi CO Morilak DA O'Donnell JM Norepinephrine transporter regulation medicates the long-term behavioral effects of the antidepressant desipramine. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 3190-3200 (2008).

  125. Andersen J Kristensen AS Bang-Andersen B Stromgaard K Recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of antidepressant drugs with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters  Chem. Commun, 3677-3692, 2009.

  126. Mdac927 "Simplified structure of the norephinephrine transporter protein.  The protein is 617 amino acids long and consists of 12 transmembrane domains." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NET_structure_picture.png .

  127. Ordway GA Stockmeier CA Cason GW Klimek V Pharmacology and distribution of norepinephrine transporters in the human locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei. The Journal of Neuroscience, 17(5): 1710-1719, 1997.

  128. CNSforum image bank, Lundbeck Institute "Areas of the brain affected in phobia" (Am. J. Psychiatry, 157;  157: 493-505, 2000.) http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/Neuro_biol_PHB/default.aspx .

  129. CNSforum image bank, Lundbeck Institute "The noradrenaline pathways in the brain" http://www.cnsforum.com/imagebank/item/Neuro_path_N/default.aspx .

  130. Schou M Halldin C Pike VW Mozley PD Dobson D Innis RB Farde L Hall H Post-mortem human brain autoradiography of the norepinephrine transporter using (S,S)-[ 18F]FMeNER-D2. European Neuropsychopharmacology 15, 517-520, 2005.

  131. Baudry A Mouillet-Richard S Schneider B Launay J-M Kellermann O MiR-16 targets the serotonin transporter:  a new fact for adaptive responses to antidepressants. Science 229: 1537-1541, 17 September 2010. [131b:  supporting on-line material for reference 131, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2010/09/15/329.5998.1537.DC1  ]

  132. Esposito G De Filippis D Cirillo C Samelli G Cuomo R Iuvone T The astroglial-derived S100β protein stimulates expression of nitric oxide synthase in rodent macrophages through p38 MAP kinase activation. Life Sciences 78(23) 2707-2715, 2006.

  133. MoodyGroove Sinus Tachycardia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SinusTach.jpg .

  134. RichACLS ECG rhythm review:  sinus rhythm, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mA3GuXQ6UTM . http://www.richacls.com/ .

  135. HeartStartSkills Atrial Tachycardia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RNhr36KlW0 .

  136. The physiology of cardiac output http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0v8-O8P7kw8 . http://www.virtualmedstudent.com/ .

  137. Illumistream health (Healthguru) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngi4Hyzp11k  .

  138. Jefferson JW A review of the cardiovascular effects and toxicity of tricyclic antidepressants. Psychomatic Medicine 37(2) March-April, 160-179, 1975.

  139. Moorehead CN Knox SJ Imipramine induced auricular fibrilation. Am J Psychiat 122:  216-217, 1965.

  140. Smith RB Rusbatch BJ Amitriptyline and heart block. Br Med J 3:  311, 1972.

  141. Rasmussen EB Kristjansen P ECG changes during amitriptyline treatment. Am J Psychiat 119:  781-782, 1963.

  142. Gilman R ECG Rhythm Review:  AV Blocks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uxfPhiCYSA . http://www.richacls.com/ .

  143. Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (simulated by a TechPatient CARDIO ECG Simulator with the Ritmic Module Arrhythmia Simulator installed) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idlUHTVzOkw ; http://www.heinstruments.com/arrhythmia-simulator.htm .

  144. Ferguson JA SSRI antidepressant medications:  Adverse effects and tolerability.  Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 3(1) 22-27, February 2001.

  145. Guzman F SSRI side effects:  Pharmacology Corner, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=at-B4UuMrW0 .

  146. Cascade E Kalali AH Kenned SH Real-world data on SSRI antidepressant side effects, Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, February 2009, http://www.innovationscns.com/real-world-data-on-ssri-antidepressant-side-effects/ .

  147. Thase ME Haight BR Richard N Rockett CB Milton M Modell JB VanMeter S Harriett AE Wang Y Remission rates following antidepressant therapy with bupropion or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors:  a meta-analysis of original data from 7 randomized trials. J Clin Psychiatry 66(6) 974-981, 2006.

  148. Clayton AH Croft HA Horrigan JP Wightman DS Krishen A Richard NE Modell JB Bupropion extended release compared with escitalopram:  effects on sexual functionning and antidepressant activity efficacy in 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychiatry 65(5) 736-746, 2006.

  149. Clayton AH Antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction:  A potentially avoidable therapeutic challenge. Primary Psychiatry 10(1), 55-61, 2003.

  150. Kanaly KA Berman JR Sexual side effects of SSRI medications:  potential treament strategies for SSRI-induced female sexual dysfunction. Curr Women's Health Rep 2(6) 409-416, 2002.

  151. Anderson JW Greenway FL Fujoka K Gaddle KM McKenney J O'Neil PM Bupropion SR enhances weight loss: a 48-week double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Obesity Research 10, 633-641, 2002.

  152. Baldwin DS Papakostas GI Symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 67 (suppl 6) 9-15, 2006.

  153. Reuters:  The doctor's channel. "Bupropion aids smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLRvYOiZcBc .

  154. FDA patient safety news:  Warning on neuropsychiatric effects from smoking cessation drugs (Sept. 2009). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGP93A-03xM .

  155. user "Nephron" Gynecomastoid hyperplasia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gynecomastoid_hyperplasia_-_intermed_mag.jpg .

  156. Copeland DA Blau M Patient with asymmetric gynecomastia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asymmetric_Gynecomastia.jpg . http://www.gynecomastia-md.com/ .

  157. Hunt-Fugate AK Zander J Lesar TS Adverse reactions due to dopamine blockade by amoxapine; a case report and review of the literature.  Pharmacotherapy:  The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 4(1) 35-39,  January-February 1984; published on-line 24 Jan 2012,  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1984.tb03310.x/abstract .

  158. Dystonia fact sheet.  National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/dystonias/detail_dystonias.htm ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonia .

  159. Heilman J A person with medication induced dystonia (This person has given both both verbal and written consent for its use on Wikipedia and release into the CC). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dystonia2010.JPG .  For use on this website part of the image has been blackened out.

  160. Psychiatryteacher Acute Dystonia: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gjiy1rDZpp8 .\

  161. RDDA86, Youtube contributor, Recognizing extrapyramidal symptoms, Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAg2iLEWVh0 .

  162. RDDA86, Youtube contributor, Recognizing extrapyramidal symptoms, Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYYx1mZDpPw .

  163. Phronitis, Akathisia, "Akathisia":  "Typical symptoms like motor restlessness of a patient suffering from akathisia (note that she's forced to eat while standing instead of sitting)." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akathisie.ogg .

  164. Asayeh K Combination of trazodone and phenothiazines:  a possible additive hypotensive effect. Canadian Journal of Pyschiatry 31(9) 857-858, 1986.

  165. Bashore TM Granger CG Hranitzky P Patel MR Heart Disease (Chapter 10) in Current Medical Diagnosis  & Treatment 2012 (McPhee SJ Papadakis MA, eds; Rabow, MW, assoc. ed), 51st edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2012, on-line edition.

  166. Hollister LE Current antidepressant drugs:  Their clinical use.  Drugs, 22: 129-152, 1981.

  167. Son S-Y Ma J Kondou Y Yoshimura M Yamashita E Tsukihara T Structure of human monoamine oxidase A at 2.2 Ao resolution:  the control of opening the entry for substrates/inhibitors.  PNAS 105(15) 5739-5744 April 15, 2008.

  168. De Colibus L Li M Binda C Lustig A Edmondson DE Attevi A Three-dimensional structure of human monoamine oxidase A (MAO A):  relation the the structures of rat MAO A and human MAO b PNAS 102(36) 12684-12689, September 6, 2005.

  169. Caspi A McClay J Moffitt TE Mill J Martin J Craig IW Taylor A Poulton R Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297, 851-853, 2002.

  170. Arai R Karasawa N Kurakawa K Kanai H Horiike K Ito A Differential subcellular location of mitochondria in rat serotonergic neurons depends on the presence and the absence of monoamine oxidase type B. Neuroscience 114(4) 825-835, 2002.

  171. "Gabethenerd" General reactionof the oxidative deamination of an amine catalyzed by a monoamine oxidase. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_reaction_of_the_oxidative_deamination_of_an_amine,_catalyzed_by_a_monoamine_oxidase.jpg .

  172. Fvasconcellos Ribbon diagram of a monomer of human monoamine oxidase A, with FAD and clorgiline bound, oriented as if attached to the outer membrane of a mitochondrion.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monoamine_oxidase_A_2BXS.png .

  173. Retama  Redox equilibrium between FAD and FADH2 . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAD_FADH2_equlibrium.png .

  174. Edgar181 Chemical structure of flavin adenine dinucleotide (ChemDraw). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide.png .

  175. Williams DA Antidepressants (Chapter 21) in Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Sixth Edition (Lemke TL, Williams DA, eds; Roche VF, Zito SW, asst. eds) Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 547-600, 2008.

  176. Chen JJ Swope DM and Dashtiour K Comprehensive review of rasagiline, a second-generation monoamine oxidase inhibitor, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clinical Therapeutics, 29(9), 1825-1849, 2007.

  177. Riederer P and Youdim MB, Monoamine oxidase activity and monoamine metabolism in brains ofparkinsonian patients treated with I-deprenyl, J Neurochem 46 (1986), pp. 1359–1365.

  178. Youdim MB and Finberg JP, Monoamine oxidase In:. In: A Lajtha, Editor, Handbook of Neurochemistry, Enzymes in the Nervous System 4, Plenum Press, New York, NY (1983), pp. 293–313.

  179. Saura Marti J  Kettler R,  Da Prada M and Richards JG, Molecular neuroanatomy of MAO-A and MAO-B, J Neural Transm Suppl. 32 (1990), pp. 49–53.

  180. Binda C, Hubálek F, Li M, et al. (2005). "Binding of rasagiline-related inhibitors to human monoamine oxidases: a kinetic and crystallographic analysis". Journal of medicinal chemistry 48 (26): 8148–54.

  181. Chen JJ and Swope DM Clinical pharmacology of rasagiline:  A novel, second-generation propargyline for the treatment of Parkinson Disease, J Clin Pharmacol 2005 45: 878-894, on-line version.

  182. Ropper A.H., Samuels M.A. (2009). Chapter 38. Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System. In A.H. Ropper, M.A. Samuels (Eds), Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, 9e. on-line version.

  183. Shih JC Chen K Ridd MJ Monamine Oxidase:  From Genes to Behavior Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 22:  197-217, 1999.

  184. Johnston JP Some observations upon a new inhibitor of monoamine oxidase in brain tissure. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17(7), 1285-1297, 1968.

  185. Bach AW Lan NC Johnson DL Abell CW Bembenek ME Kwan SW Seeburg PH Shih JC cDNA cloning of human liver monoamine oxidase A and B:  molecular basis of differences in enzymatic properties.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:  4934-38, 1988.

  186. Norrie disease:  summary pamphlet from the Norrie disease association and Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. http://www.medmolgen.uzh.ch/services/download/Flyer_ND.pdf

  187. X-linked recessive, handbook illustration, Genetics Home Reference, NIH: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/xlinkrecessivemother .

  188. Bhola R (contributor):  Category:  pediatrics; Diagnosis:  Tractional Retinal Detachment in Norrie's Disease. EyeRounds Online Atlas of Opthalmology.  University of Iowa Healthcare  Opthalmology and Visual Sciences:   http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/atlas/pages/Tractional-Retinal-Detachment-in-Norries-disease.html .

  189. Willoughby J Glover V Sandler M Histochemics localization of monoamine oxdiase A and B in rat brain. J. Neural Transm. 74(1):  29-42, 1988.

  190. Saura J Richards JG Mahy N Age-related changes in MAO in Bl/C57 mouse tissues:  a quantitative radioautographic study. J. Neural Transm 41:  89-94, 1994.

  191. Jahng JW Houpt TA Wessel TC Chen K Shih JC Joh TH Localization of monoamine oxidase A and B mRNA in the rat brain by in situ hybridization. Synapse 25:  30-36, 1997.

  192. Baker GB Urichuk LJ McKenna KF Kennedy SH Metabolism of monoamine oxidase inhibitors Cellular and molecular neurobiology. 19(3):  411-426, 1999.

  193. Jauch R Griesser E Oesterhelt G Arnold W Meister W Ziegler WM Guntert TW Biotransformation of moclobemide in humans. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82 (Suppl 360): 87-91, 1990.

  194. Waldmeier PC Amrein R Schmid-Burgk W Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of brofaomine and moclobemide in animals and humans.  In Kennedy SH (ed), Clinical Advances in Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Therapies, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 33-59, 1994.

  195. FDA patient safety news:  "FDA approves Emsam-first drug patch for depression  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXVKa_X3n5U .

  196. Mian A Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome,  Division of Emergency Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre and St. Joseph's Care London (London, Ontario Canada) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKdUqWGAgTU .

  197. Mills K.C., Bora K.M.  Chapter 172. Atypical Antidepressants, Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Serotonin Syndrome. In J.E. Tintinalli, J.S. Stapczynski, D.M. Cline, O.J. Ma, R.K. Cydulka, G.D. Meckler (Eds), Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 7e. 2011.

  198. Mills KC Serotonin syndrome.  A clinical update. Crit Care Clin 13(4):  763-783, Oct, 1997.

  199. Boyer EW, Shannon M: The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 352: 1112-1120, 2005. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 356: 2437, 2007.

  200. Sun-Edelstein C, Tepper SJ, Shapiro RE: Drug-induced serotonin syndrome: a review. Expert Opin Drug Saf 7: 587-596, 2008.

  201. Isbister GK, Buckley NA, Whyte IM: Serotonin toxicity: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Med J Aust 187: 361-365, 2007 (review).

  202. Rush AJ Trivedi MH Wisniewski SR Nierenberg AA Stewart JW Warden D Niederehe G Thase ME Lavori PW Lebowitz BD McGrath PJ Rosenbaum JF Sackeim HA Kupfer DJ Luther J Fava M Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: A STAR*D Report. Am J Psychiatry 163:  1905-1917, 2006.

  203. Nelson JC  The STAR*D study:  a four-course meal that leaves us wanting more Am. J. Psychiatry 163(11), 2006, on-line version.

  204. Frazer A Pharmacology of antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacol 17(Suppl 1):  2S-18S 1997.

  205. Owens MJ Morgan WN Plott SJ Nemeroff CB Neurotransmitter receptor and transporter binding profile of antidepressants and their metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:  1305-1322 1997.

  206. Leonard BE Richelson E Synaptic effects of antidepressants.  In, Schizophrenia and mood disorders:  The New Drug Therapies in Clinical Practice (Buckley PF Waddington JL,, eds) Butterworth-Heinemann Boston, pp 67-84, 2000.

  207. Nakamura M Ueno S Sano A Tanabe H The human serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) shows ten novel allelic variants. Molecular Psychiatry 5(1) 32-38 2000.

  208. Durphy DL Lesch KP Targeting the murine serotonin transporter:  insights into human neurobiology. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9)2):  85-96 2008.

  209. Serotonin transporter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter .

  210. Mysid Ideogram of the human chromosome 17,based on http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=17 (National Library of Medicine), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosome_17.svg .

  211. Fuder H Muscholl E Heteroreceptor-mediated modulation of noradrenaline and acetylcholine release from peripheral nerves  Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology 126:  265-412, 1995.

  212. Public Domain, Dopamine and serotonin pathways, NIH http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dopamine_and_serotonin_pathways.gif .

  213. Strother M Lower pons horizontal (Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg .

  214. Raphe Nucleus, Gray's Anatomy, public domain due to copyright expiration (1918 edition) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray694.png .

  215. Santarelli L Saxe M Gross C Surget A Battaglia F Dulawa S Weissaub N Lee J Duman R Arancio O Belzung C Hen R Requirement of hippocampal neuogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants Science, New Series, 301(5634)  805-809, Aug. 8, 2003.

  216. Parsey RV Hastings RS Oquendo MA Huang Y-y Simpson N Arcement J Huang Y Ogden RT Van Heertum RL Arango V Mann J Lower serotonin transporter binding potential in the human brain during major depressive episodes. Am J Psychiatry 163:  52-58 2006.

  217. Soucy JP Lafaille F Lemoine P Mrini A Descarries L Validation of the transporter ligand cyanoimipramine as a marker of serotonin innervation density in brain. J Nucl Med 35:  1822-1830 1994.

  218. Devets WC Functional neuroimaging studies of depression:  the anatomy of melancholia.  Ann Rev Med 49:  341-361, 1998.

  219. Soares JC Mann JJ The functional neuroanatomy of mood disorders. J Psychiatry Res 31:  393-432, 1997.

  220. Mayberg HS Limbic-cortical dysregulation:  a proposed model of depression.  J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 9:  471-481, 1997.

  221. Sheline YI Wang PW Gado MH Csernansky JG Vannier MW  Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:  3908-3913, 1996.

  222. Sheline YI Sanghavi M Mintun MA Gado MH Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression.  J Neurosci 19:  5034-5043, 1999.

  223. Baxter LR Jr Schwartz JM Phelps ME Mazziotta JC Guze BH Selin CE Gerner RH Sumida RM Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression.  Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:  243-250, 1989.

  224. Arango V Underwood MD Mann JJ Serotonin brain circuits involved in major depression and suicide. Prog Brain Res 136:  443-453 2002.

  225. Drevets WC Price JL Simpson JR Todd RD Reich T Vannier M Raichle ME Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders.  Nature 386:  824-827 1997.

  226. Penawas L Meyer-Lindenberg A Drabant EM Verchinski BA Munoz KE Kolachana BS Egan MF Mattay VS Hariri A Weinberger DR 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions:  a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat. Neurosci 8(6) 828-834, June 2005.

  227. Nemeroff CB Owens MJ Treatment of mood disorders.  Nat. Neurosci 5(suppl), 1068-1070, 2002.

  228. Gaspar P Cases O Maroteaux L The developmental role of serotonin:  news from mouse molecular genetics. Nat. Rev. Neurosci 4, 1002-1012, 2003.

  229. Gross C Hen R The developmental origins of anxiety.  Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 545-552, 2004.

  230. Ansorge, MS Zhou M Lira A Hen R Gingrich JA Early-life blockade of the 5-HT transporter alters emotional behavior in adult mice.  Science 306, 879-881, 2004.

  231. Wong ML Licinio J Research and treatment approaches to depression Nat. Rev. Neurosci 2, 343-351, 2001.

  232. Lesch KP Bengel D Heils A Sabol SZ Greenberg BD Petri S Bejamin J Muller CR Hamer DH Murphy DL Association of anxiety-related trains with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region Science 274(5492):  1527-31, Nov 29, 1996.

  233. Murphy DL Lerner A Rudnick G Lesch KP Serotonin transporter:  gene, genetic disorders and pharmacogenetics.  Mol. Interv 4 109-123, 2004.

  234. Schinka JA Busch RM Robichaux-Keene N A meta-analysis of the association between the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and train anxiety.  Mol Psychiatry 9:  197-202, 2004.

  235. Sen S Burmeister M Ghosh D  Meta-analysis of the association between a serrotonin transporter promotor polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and anxiety-related personality trains.  Am J Med Benet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 127:  85-89, 2004.

  236. Lotrich FE Pollock BG Meta-analysis of serotonin transporter polymorphisms and affective disorders. Psychiatr Genet 14:  121-129, 2004.

  237. Parsey RV Hastings RS Oquendo MA Xianzhang H Goldman D Huang Y-y Simpson N Arcement J Huange Y Ogden RT Van Heertum RL Arango V Mann JJ Effects of a triallelic functional polymorphism of the serotonin-transporter-linked promotor region on expression of serotonin transporter in the human brain.  Am J Psychiatry 163:  48-51, 2006.

  238. Bordmann M Anterior cingulate cortex http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray727_anterior_cingulate_cortex.png

  239. Heils A Teufel A Petri S Stöber G Riederer P Bengel D Lesch KP (June 1996). "Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression". Journal of Neurochemistry 66:  (6): 2621–2624.

  240. Nakamura M  Ueno S Sano  H. Tanabe H (2000). "The human serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) shows ten novel allelic variants". Molecular Psychiatry 5:  (1): 32–38.

  241. Drossman DA Brain imaging and its implications for studying centrally targeted treatments in irritable bowel syndrome:  a primer for gastroenterologists. (Fig 1, section on "Specific areas of the corticolimbic modulatory system regulate visceral pain and emotional responses")   Gut 54:  569-573 2005

  242. Robin H Diagram showing locations of several important parts of the human brain, as view from the front.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constudoverbrain.png . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala .

  243. Gordon M.  Pharmacokinetics section, Medical Pharmacology website http://www.pharmacology2000.com/General/Pharmacokinetics/kinobj1.htm#Volume of Distribution .

  244. Harbinary 2-D structure of norfluoxetine. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norfluoxetine.svg .

  245. Giacomini KM Sugiyama Y Membrane transporters and drug response in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12the edition (Brunton LL, editor, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC, associate eds), Chapter 5, on-line version, Table 5-2, 2011.

  246. Wong DT Bymaster FP Reid LF Mayle DA Krushinski JH Robertson DW Norfluoxetine enantiomers as inhibitors of serortonin uptake in rat brain.  Neuropsychopharmacology 8(4) 337-344, 1993.

  247. Fluoxetine Collaborative Study Group:  Tollefson GD Bosomworth JC Heilgenstein, Potvin JH Holman S International Psychogeriatrics 7(1) 89-104, March, 1995.

  248. Schone W Ludwig M A double-blind study of paroxetine compared with fluoxetine in geriatric patients with amor depression J of Clin Psychopharm 13(6, Suppl 2), 34S-39S, Dec 1993.

  249. Emw Structure of the CYP1A2 protein, based on PyMOL rendering of the protein data base (PDB) 2hi4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_CYP1A2_PDB_2hi4.png .

  250. Richelson E Subject Review:  Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of new antidepressants:  A review of the effects on the metabolism of other drugs.  Mayo Clin Proc 72:  835-847, 1997.

  251. Sperber AD Toxic interaction between fluvoxamine and sustained release theophylline in an 11-year-old boy.  Drug Saf 6:  40-462, 1991 (second sourced from ref. 250).

  252. Bertelsen KM Venkatakrishnan K Von Moltke LL Obach RS Greenblatt DJ Apparent mechanism-based inhibtion of human CYP2D6 in vitro by paroxetine: comparison with fluoxetine and quinidine. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 31(3):  289-293, 2003.

  253. Paxil®  (Paroxetine hydrochloride) package insert http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=65ee7ef8-cc68-41d1-cc8b-c01a056409a9 .

  254. Celexa (citalpram hydrobromide) package insert http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=962be3cf-4ded-47bf-9b59-d689367d6eb4 .

  255. Escitalopram package insert http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=2db02476-325f-ee47-a7e5-b5aed56c364c  

  256. Li D Emerging antidepressant treatments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJp2qpoqR_E .

  257. Sertraline package insert ttp://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=fe9e8b7d-61ea-409d-84aa-3ebd79a046b5  .

  258. Swartz KL Antidepressants and Placebo Controversies (April 5, 2011; uploaded Nov. 4, 2011) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAMyzmWvjJE ; JohnsHopkinsMedicine (https://www.youtube.com/user/JohnsHopkinsMedicine); Johns Hopkins Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/moods/); KL Swartz Johns Hopkins Medicine web page (http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/expert_team/faculty/S/Swartz.html)

  259. Fluvoxamine package insert:  http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=9c16f853-1a0b-4ce3-8e17-e2bf666c4292  .

  260. Simpson HB  OCD and Anxiety:  Symptoms, Treatment and How to Cope. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnSuaojHp80 .

  261. Duloxetine package insert http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=67927928-c20f-4e12-a327-d26561d7810a  

  262. Abraham T Management of Neuropathic Pain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDu_WdRNDzo ;  Transverse Myelitis Association, https://www.youtube.com/user/transversemyelitis .

  263. Filart R Emerging therapies in neuropathic pain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lC9yEPa4Z_w ;Transverse Myelitis Association, https://www.youtube.com/user/transversemyelitis .

  264. Gross A Fibromyaliga:  It's Real It's Manageable What you can do  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aprthkmlE2Q .  UCtelevision:  https://www.youtube.com/user/UCtelevision .

  265. Cole SA Christensen JF Cole MR Cohen H Feldman MD Chapter 22.  Depression in Behavioral Medicine:  A Guide for Clinical Practice (Section IV.  Mental & Behavioral Disorders), Feldman MD and Christensen JF, eds. 3rd edition,  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2008.

  266. Venlafaxine (Effexor) package insert:  http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8fba17da-573a-425b-b1d7-7ddeeef3c957  .

  267. Applebaum J Bipolar Disorder (UC television; UC Grand Rounds) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMDlufiaylY .

  268. Mian A Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (EmergencyLondon) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKdUqWGAgTU .

  269. Koyama E Chiba K Tani M Ishizaki T Reapprasal of human CYP isoforms involved in imipramine N-demethylation and 2-hydroxylation:  a study using microsomes obtained from putative extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin and eleven recominant human CYPs J. Pharmacol Exp Ther Jun; 28(3):  1199-1210, 1997.

  270. Imipramine package insert:  http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=7d52c40c-bbcb-4698-9879-d40136301d31 .

  271. Doxepin hydrochloride package insert:  http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=fb2f0e77-d674-4ac0-8b84-1454c113ed17 .

  272. Cherayl C Dieter B Silenor, Drake University. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkReJqyniyU , also see http://silenor.com/ .

  273. Haritos VS Ghabrial H Ahokas JT Ching MS Role of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) in the stereospecific metabolism of E- and Z-doxepin Pharmacogenetics Oct; 10(7): 591-603, 2000.

  274. Adamczyk M Fishpaugh JR Hruska RE Johnson D (Abbott Laboratories) patent:  Reagents and methods for the quantification of total doxepins in biological fluids, publication number EP 0641440 B1, http://www.google.com/patents/EP0641440B1?cl=en .

  275. Clomipramine package insert http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=7ffd89f1-43ae-4092-8575-d404311da716 .

  276. Fuse809 Clomipramine's 3D structure using QuteMol (8/2013) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clomipramine3Dan.gif .

  277. Simpson B, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7GrktIpHmk .

  278. Sapolsky R Depression in U.S. StanfordUniversity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOAgplgTxfc , November, 2009.

This Web-based pharmacology and disease-based integrated teaching site is based on reference materials, that are believed reliable and consistent with standards accepted at the time of development. Possibility of human error and on-going research and development in medical sciences do not allow assurance that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete. Users should confirm the information contained herein with other sources. This site should only be considered as a teaching aid for undergraduate and graduate biomedical education and is intended only as a teaching site. Information contained here should not be used for patient management and should not be used as a substitute for consultation with practicing medical professionals. Users of this website should check the product information sheet included in the package of any drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this site is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration.  Advertisements that appear on this site are not reviewed for content accuracy and it is the responsibility of users of this website to make individual assessments concerning this information.  Medical or other information  thus obtained should not be used as a substitute for consultation with practicing medical or scientific or other professionals.