Introduction
- Factors in selecting appropriate
drugs to manage sepsis syndrome:
- source of infection
- gram stain
- immune status
- bacterial resistance
patterns in the community and hospital
- Treatment:
- gram-negative bacilli:
- Third or
fourth generation cephalosporins
- cefotaxime (Claforan)
- ceftizoxime (Cefizox)
- cefoperazone (Cefobid)
- ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
- cefepime (Maxipime)
- ceftazidime
(plus activity against
gram-positive cocci)
- imipenem,
meropenem (Merrem IV), aztreonam (Azactan)
- Cephalosporins
(other than cefoperazone (Cefobid),
cefepime (Maxipime), and ceftazidime
(Fortax, Taxidime, Tazicef)): limited
efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Pseudomonas
aeruginosa: effectively treated with
imipenem, meropenem (Merrem IV), and
aztreonam (Azactan).
- Aztreonam
(Azactan): poor activity against
gram-positive organisms and anaerobes
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- Initial
treatment:
- Life-threatening sepsis and
adults:
- Third or
fourth generation cephalosporin
- cefotaxime (Claforan)
- ceftizoxime (Cefizox)
- ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
- cefepime (Maxipime)
- ticarcillin (Ticar)/clavulanic acid
- piperacillin
(Pipracil)/tazobactam
- imipenem
or meropenem (Merrem IV) {each
together with aminoglycoside
[gentamicin (Garamycin),
tobramycin (Nebcin), or amikacin (Amikin)]}
- If
methicillin-resistant staphylococci is a
consideration:
- vancomycin
(Vancocin) alone or
- vancomycin
(Vancocin) with gentamicin
(Garamycin) and/or rifampin (Rimactane)
- If bacterial
endocarditisis is a consideration (prior
to pathogen identification):
- vancomycin
(Vancocin) plus gentamicin (Garamycin)
- Treatment of
intra-abdominal or pelvic infection
(likely to involve anaerobes):
- ticarcillin (Ticar)/clavulanic acid
- ampicillin
(Principen, Omnipen)/sulbactam
- piperacillin
(Pipracil)/tazobactam
- imipenem
- meropenem
- cefoxitin
(Mefoxin) or cefotetan
(Cefotan){each with or without an
aminoglycoside, metronidazole
(Flagyl) OR clindamycin (Cleocin)
with an aminoglycoside}
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Special Cases
- Neutropenic
patients with suspected bacteremia
- Treatment:
- ceftazidime (Fortax, Taxidime,
Tazicef)
- imipenem
- meropenem (Merrem IV)
- cefepime
(Maxipime) (in more seriously ill
patients, add an aminoglycoside
- amikacin
(Amikin) and ceftriaxone
(Rocephin) (single daily doses)
- piperacillin
(Pipracil)/tazobactam plus
amikacin
- Addition
of vancomycin (Vancocin): in
neutropenic cancer patients with
bacteremia due to methicillin
(Staphcillin)-resistant
staphylococci were some strains
of viridans.
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- Resistant
gram-negative bacilli
- Gram-negative
bacilli resistant to:
- aminoglycosides
- third-generation
cephalosporins
- aztreonam (Azactan)
- These bacilli susceptible to:
- imipenem
- meropenem (Merrem IV)
- ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
- Pseudomonas
aeruginosa strains resistant gentamicin (Garamycin):
- Susceptible to:
- amikacin (Amikin)
- ceftazidime (Fortax,
Taxidime, Tazicef)
- cefepime (Maxipime)
- imipenem
- meropenem (Merrem IV)
- ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
- trovafloxacin
- aztreonam
- possibly
tobramycin (Nebcin) or
netilmicin (Netromycin)
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- Multiple
antibiotic resistant enterococci
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- Urinary tract infection (UTI)
- Diagnosis
- Acute, uncomplicated UTI: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
(Bactrim)(3-day
course of treatment)
- Alternative:
fluoroquinone (three-day course
of treatment)
- Alternative (longer
treatment):
- oral
cephalosporin
- amoxicillin
(Amoxil Polymox)(many
urinary pathogens --
resistance to amoxicillin)
- fosfomycin (Monurol)(single dose)
- Repeated UTIs or UTI occurring
in the hospital or nursing-home setting:
- may be due to
antibiotic-resistant
gram-negative bacilli
- Treatment:
- fluoroquinone
- oral amoxicillin (Amoxil
Polymox)/clavulanic acid
- oral
third-generation
cephalosporin (cefixime
(Suprax), cefpodoxime
(Vantin), ceftibuten) or
idanyl ester of
carbenicillin
- in patients hospitalized
with UTI:
- third-generation
cephalosporin
- ticarcillin (Ticar)/clavulanic acid
- piperacillin
(Pipracil)/tazobactam
- imipenem
(occasionally in
combination with aminoglycoside)
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