Sepsis

Introduction

  • Factors in selecting appropriate drugs to manage sepsis syndrome:
    • source of infection
    • gram stain
    • immune status
    • bacterial resistance patterns in the community and hospital
  • Treatment:
    • gram-negative bacilli:
      • Third or fourth generation cephalosporins
        •  cefotaxime (Claforan)
        •  ceftizoxime (Cefizox)
        •  cefoperazone (Cefobid)
        •  ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
        •  cefepime (Maxipime)
        •  ceftazidime (plus activity against gram-positive cocci)
      • imipenem, meropenem (Merrem IV), aztreonam (Azactan)
    •  Cephalosporins (other than cefoperazone (Cefobid), cefepime (Maxipime), and ceftazidime (Fortax, Taxidime, Tazicef)): limited efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effectively treated with imipenem, meropenem (Merrem IV), and aztreonam (Azactan).
    •  Aztreonam (Azactan): poor activity against gram-positive organisms and anaerobes

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  • Initial treatment:
    • Life-threatening sepsis and adults:
      • Third or fourth generation cephalosporin
        •  cefotaxime (Claforan)
        •  ceftizoxime (Cefizox)
        •  ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
        •  cefepime (Maxipime)
      • ticarcillin (Ticar)/clavulanic acid
      • piperacillin (Pipracil)/tazobactam
      • imipenem or meropenem (Merrem IV) {each together with aminoglycoside [gentamicin (Garamycin), tobramycin (Nebcin), or amikacin (Amikin)]}
    • If methicillin-resistant staphylococci is a consideration:
      • vancomycin (Vancocin) alone or
      • vancomycin (Vancocin) with gentamicin (Garamycin) and/or rifampin (Rimactane)
    • If bacterial endocarditisis is a consideration (prior to pathogen identification):
      • vancomycin (Vancocin) plus gentamicin (Garamycin)
    • Treatment of intra-abdominal or pelvic infection (likely to involve anaerobes):
      • ticarcillin (Ticar)/clavulanic acid
      • ampicillin (Principen, Omnipen)/sulbactam
      • piperacillin (Pipracil)/tazobactam
      • imipenem
      • meropenem
      • cefoxitin (Mefoxin) or cefotetan (Cefotan){each with or without an aminoglycoside, metronidazole (Flagyl) OR clindamycin (Cleocin) with an aminoglycoside}

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Special Cases

  • Neutropenic patients with suspected bacteremia
    • Treatment:
      • ceftazidime (Fortax, Taxidime, Tazicef)
      • imipenem
      • meropenem (Merrem IV)
      • cefepime (Maxipime) (in more seriously ill patients, add an aminoglycoside
      • amikacin (Amikin) and ceftriaxone (Rocephin) (single daily doses)
      • piperacillin (Pipracil)/tazobactam plus amikacin
      • Addition of vancomycin (Vancocin): in neutropenic cancer patients with bacteremia due to methicillin (Staphcillin)-resistant staphylococci were some strains of viridans.

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  • Resistant gram-negative bacilli
    •  Gram-negative bacilli resistant to:
      • aminoglycosides
      • third-generation cephalosporins
      • aztreonam (Azactan)
    • These bacilli susceptible to:
      • imipenem
      • meropenem (Merrem IV)
      • ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant gentamicin (Garamycin):
      • Susceptible to:
        • amikacin (Amikin)
        • ceftazidime (Fortax, Taxidime, Tazicef)
        •   cefepime (Maxipime)
        • imipenem
        • meropenem (Merrem IV)
        • ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
        • trovafloxacin
        • aztreonam
        • possibly tobramycin (Nebcin) or netilmicin (Netromycin)

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  • Multiple antibiotic resistant enterococci
    •  Many strains resistant to:
      • penicillin
      • ampicillin (Principen, Omnipen)
      • gentamicin (Garamycin)
      • streptomycin
      • vancomycin (Vancocin)
    • Susceptible (in vitro, but with variable clinical results) to:
      • chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin)
      • doxycycline (Vibramycin, Doryx)
      • fluoroquinones
    • Urinary tract infection caused by resistant enterococci may respond to ampicillin or amoxicillin, because very high drug concentrations are found in the urine.

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  • Urinary tract infection (UTI)
    • Diagnosis
    • Acute, uncomplicated UTI: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)(3-day course of treatment)
      • Alternative: fluoroquinone (three-day course of treatment)
      • Alternative (longer treatment):
        •  oral cephalosporin
        •  amoxicillin (Amoxil Polymox)(many urinary pathogens -- resistance to amoxicillin)
        •  fosfomycin (Monurol)(single dose)
    • Repeated UTIs or UTI occurring in the hospital or nursing-home setting:
      •  may be due to antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli
      • Treatment:
        • fluoroquinone
        • oral amoxicillin (Amoxil Polymox)/clavulanic acid
        • oral third-generation cephalosporin (cefixime (Suprax), cefpodoxime (Vantin), ceftibuten) or idanyl ester of carbenicillin
      • in patients hospitalized with UTI:
        • third-generation cephalosporin
        • ticarcillin (Ticar)/clavulanic acid
        • piperacillin (Pipracil)/tazobactam
        • imipenem (occasionally in combination with aminoglycoside)

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