Hepatic Effects

• Catabolic features associated with insulin deficiency: reversal
  • glycogenolysis: inhibited
  • conversion of fatty acids/amino acids to ketoacids: inhibited
  • conversion of amino acids to glucose: inhibited
• Anabolic actions:
  • glucose storage increased
  • triglyceride synthesis: increased
  • VLDL synthesis: increased
  • phosphorylase activity: decreased

Muscle Effects

• Protein synthesis: increased
  • amino acid transport: increased
  • ribosomal protein synthesis: increased
• Glycogen synthesis: increased
  • glucose transport: increased
  • glycogen synthase:increased
  • phosphorylase activity: decreased

Adipose Tissue Effects

• Triglyceride storage: increased
  • lipoprotein lipase: induced; activated
  • triglyceride (from lipoproteins) hydrolysis: increased
  • glucose transport: increased(providing glycerophosphate -- permitting fatty acids esterification)
  • intracellular lipase: inhibited