1. Flexner C Antiretroviral Agents and Treatment of HIV Infection, Chapter 59  in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th edition (Brunton LL Chabner BA Knollmann BC, eds; Brunton LL, ed; Blumenthal DK  Murri N Hilal-Dandan R, assoc eds, Knollmann BC, consulting ed, on-line edition) The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

2. Fauci AS Lane HC Chapter 189, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease:  AIDS and Related Disorders, in Harrison's Online   (Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo, Eds.),  Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2012.

3. Longo DL Fauci AS  188, The Human Retroviruses, in Harrison's Online   (Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo, Eds.),  Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2012.

4. Woster PM Chapter 43:  Antiviral Agents and Protease Inhibitors in Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry 6e, Lemke, TL Williams DA, eds; Roche VG Zito SW, asst eds) Wolters Kluwer|Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1214, 2008.

5. Knox TA Wanke C Gastrointestinal Manifestations of HIV and AIDS  Chapter 397, pp 2196-2199 Goldman's Cecil Medicine 24e (Goldman L and Schafer AI, eds) Elsevier/Saunders, 2012.

6. Public Domain:  Digestive system diagram. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png

7. Emannuelm Opened gall bladder containing numerous gallstones. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallstone; http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallstones.jpg .

8. Heilman J "A 1.9 cm gallstone impacted in the neck of the gallbladder and leading to cholecystitis. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gallstones.PNG

9. Haines C Sulkowski MS Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.  Chapter 126, 1567-1573 in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 8e, Bennett, JE Dolin R Blaser MJ, eds, 2015).

10. Chown DC Day LJ Souza SA Shikuma CM  Metabolic Complications of HIV Therapy.  HIV InSite, University of California San Francisco http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-03-02-10#S2.2.3X

11. Sulkowski MS Thomas DL Mehta SH Chaisson RE Moore RD  Hepatotoxicity Associated  with Nevirapine or Efavirenz-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy:  Role of Hepatitis C and B Infections.  Hepatology 35(1):  182-189,  2002.

12. Chow DC Day LJ Shikuma CM Lipoatrophy: facial fat loss.  HIV/AIDS,  U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs:  Image Library | Lipoatrophy/Lipoaccumulation http://www.hiv.va.gov/provider/image-library/lipodystrophy.asp?post=1&slide=21

13. Chow DC Day LJ Shikuma CM Lipoatrophy:  Fat Depletion of Leg. HIV/AIDS,  U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs:  Image Library | Lipoatrophy/Lipoaccumulation. http://www.hiv.va.gov/provider/image-library/lipodystrophy.asp?post=1&slide=22

14. Shanel Structure of the human mitochondrial genome. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA ; http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondrial_DNA_en.svg

15. Spach DJ Case 5:  Antiviral Medications and Lactic Acidemia; Formation of Mitochondrial DNA- HIV Web Study, University of Washington.  http://depts.washington.edu/hivaids/arvae/case5/discussion.html

16. Spach DJ Case 5:  Antiviral Medications and Lactic Acidemia; Oxidative Phosphorylation Complex- HIV Web Study, University of Washington.  http://depts.washington.edu/hivaids/arvae/case5/discussion.html

This Web-based pharmacology and disease-based integrated teaching site is based on reference materials, that are believed reliable and consistent with standards accepted at the time of development. Possibility of human error and on-going research and development in medical sciences do not allow assurance that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete. Users should confirm the information contained herein with other sources. This site should only be considered as a teaching aid for undergraduate and graduate biomedical education and is intended only as a teaching site. Information contained here should not be used for patient management and should not be used as a substitute for consultation with practicing medical professionals. Users of this website should check the product information sheet included in the package of any drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this site is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration.  Advertisements that appear on this site are not reviewed for content accuracy and it is the responsibility of users of this website to make individual assessments concerning this information.  Medical or other information  thus obtained should not be used as a substitute for consultation with practicing medical or scientific or other professionals.