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Nursing Pharmacology Chapter 13: Pain Management: Opioids
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Repeated opioid administration results in a gradual loss of effect, e.g. tolerance
Physical Dependence = physiological withdrawal symptoms (abstinence syndrome) if an antagonist is administered or the agonist is stopped.
Tolerance is not developed equally to all opioid effects.
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High |
Intermediate |
Limited/None |
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analgesia |
bradycardia |
miosis |
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euphoria, dysphoria |
constipation |
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mental clouding |
convulsions |
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sedation |
antagonist actions |
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respiratory depression |
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antidiuresis |
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nausea/vomiting |
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cough suppression |
adapted from Figure 31-4: Way, W.L., Fields, H.L. and Way, E. L. Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists, in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, (Katzung, B. G., ed) Appleton-Lange, 1998, p. 505.
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rhinorrhea |
lacrimation |
chills |
hyperventilation |
muscular aches |
vomiting |
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anxiety |
diarrhea |
hostility |
piloerection |
yawning |
hyperventilation |
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