Insulin: Endocrine Effects

Hepatic Effects

  • Catabolic features associated with insulin deficiency: reversal
    • glycogenolysis: inhibited
    • conversion of fatty acids/amino acids to ketoacids: inhibited
    • conversion of amino acids to glucose: inhibited
  • Anabolic actions:
    • glucose storage increased
    • triglyceride synthesis: increased
    • VLDL synthesis: increased
    • phosphorylase activity: decreased

Muscle Effects

  • Protein synthesis: increased
    • amino acid transport: increased
    • ribosomal protein synthesis: increased
  • Glycogen synthesis: increased
    • glucose transport: increased
    • glycogen synthase:increased
    • phosphorylase activity: decreased

Adipose Tissue Effects

  • Triglyceride storage: increased
    • lipoprotein lipase: induced; activated
    • triglyceride (from lipoproteins) hydrolysis: increased
    • glucose transport: increased(providing glycerophosphate -- permitting fatty acids esterification)
    • intracellular lipase: inhibited

     

 

adapted from Table 41-3; Karam, J. H., Pancreatic Hormones and Antidiabetic Drugs, in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, (Katzung, B. G., ed) Appleton-Lange, 1998, p 688.