Medical Pharmacology Chapter 13: Pain Management: Opioids
Repeated opioid administration results in a gradual loss of effect, e.g. tolerance
Physical Dependence: physiological withdrawal symptoms (abstinence syndrome) if an antagonist is administered or the agonist is stopped.
Tolerance is not developed equally to all opioid effects.
High |
Intermediate |
Limited/None |
Analgesia |
Bradycardia |
Miosis |
Euphoria, dysphoria |
Constipation |
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Mental clouding |
Convulsions |
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Sedation |
Antagonist actions |
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Respiratory depression |
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Antidiuresis |
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Nausea/vomiting |
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Cough suppression |
Adapted from Figure 31-4: Way, W.L., Fields, H.L. and Way, E. L. Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists, in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, (Katzung, B. G., ed) Appleton-Lange, 1998, p. 505.
Rhinorrhea |
Lacrimation |
Chills |
Hyperventilation |
Muscular aches |
Vomiting |
Anxiety |
Diarrhea |
Hostility |
Piloerection |
Yawning |
Hyperventilation |
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DISCLAIMER
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