Online Anesthesia Pharmacology

Online Anesthesia Pharmacology Content, Practice Questions and Practice Exams

 

Anesthesia Pharmacology Web Learning and Teaching Site

Pharmacology Website developer:  Michael Gordon, Ph.D.,  email: michael4449@gmail.com

 

 

 

Table of Contents

 

Anesthesiology Topics:  Pharmacology, Chemistry and Physics for Anesthesiology, Anesthesia Implications of Co-Existing Disease

 

Anesthesia Pharmacology Online Website:   Pharmacology Content and

Practice Exams and Questions Banks 

General Principles of Pharmacology Introduction Practice Questions Pharmacokinetics Practice Questions Videos Pharmacodynamics Practice Questions Autonomic Pharmacology Introduction Practice Questions Videos Adrenergic Pharmacology Practice Questions Videos Cholinergic Pharmacology Practice Questions Videos Antihypertensives Practice Questions Videos Antiarrhythmics Practice Questions Videos Antianginals Practice Questions Videos Congestive Heart Failure Drugs Practice Questions Videos Sedative-Hypnotics Practice Questions Videos Opioids Practice Questions Video General Anesthetics Practice Questions Anesthesia Physics and Chemistry Local Anesthetics Practice Questions Videos Neuromuscular Blockers Practice Questions Videos

Antihistamines/Bradykinins Practice Questions Serotonin Practice Questions Videos Vasoactive Peptides Practice Questions Video Pulmonary Pharmacology Practice Questions Videos Diuretics Practice Questions Gastrointestinal Drugs Practice Questions Videos Adrenocorticoids Practice Questions Videos Diabetes Management Practice Questions Videos Anticoagulants Practice Questions

 

General Principles of Pharmacology Introduction Drug Shape Chirality Examples of Racemic Mixtures Binding forces in Drug-Receptor Interactions Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation Models of Drug Transfer Aqueous Diffusion Lipid Diffusion Special Carriers Endocytosis and Exocytosis  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   General Principles Practice question set #1 (16 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (10 mcq) Practice question set #3 (9 matching) Practice question set #4 (13 mcq) Practice question set #5 (15 mcq) Practice question set #6 (15 mcq) Practice question set #7 (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (10 mcq) Return to top of Page   Pharmacokinetics Absorption Routes of Administration Bioavailability Pharmacokinetics Drug Metabolism Individual to Individual Differences in Responses to Drugs Genetic Factors Influencing Drug Metabolism Effects of Age on Responses to Drugs Drug-Drug interactions Barbiturates Thiopental Benzodiazepines Ketamine and Etomidate Propofol Opioids  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Pharmacokinetics Practice question set #1 (General Questions) (10 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (Drug Metabolizing Systems) (5 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Drug Ionization and Transport) (25 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Drug Absorption and Biotransformation) (34 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines) (30 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Opioids and Sedative-Hypnotics) (26 mcq) Flashcards Problem set #1 (7 problems) Problem set #2 (7 mcq) Practice Exam #1 (20 mcq) Practice Exam #2 (21 mcq) Return to top of Page  Pharmacokinetics Videos: Pharmacokinetics Definitions (16 min) Absorption Overview (17 min) Lipophilic and Hydrophilic Drugs (6 min) Ion Trapping (3 min) Bioavailability (16 min) First Pass Metabolism (15 min) Volume of Distribution (Vd) (24 min) Drug Clearance:  Basic Concepts (11 min) Placental Drug Transfer (11 min) Renal Clearance (17 min) Drug Metabolism:  Phase I and Phase II (7 min / 8 min) Cytochrome P450 Enzyme System Inducers,  Inhibitors and Isoforms (14 min) Midazolam for Seizure Management (4 min) Return to top of Page   Pharmacodynamics Drug-Receptor Interactions Signal Transduction Intracellular Receptors Drug Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Cytokine Receptors Ligand-Gated Channels I G proteins and Second Messengers Receptor Desensitization Drug Concentration-Response Relationships Signaling Mechanisms and Drug Actions Transmembrane Sites of Action G protein Coupling Second Messenger Systems Nitric Oxide Catecholamine Refractoriness Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Pharmacodynamics Practice question set #1 (General Questions:  Receptor Activation and Inhibition) (12 mcq) Practice question set #2 (G Protein and Signal Transduction Systems) (9 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Drug receptor Agonists and Antagonists) (10 mcq) Practice question set #4 (General Pharmacology) (10 mcq) Practice question set #5 (G Protein and Signal Transduction Pathways) (10 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Pharmacodynamic Principles) (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Receptor Pharmacology) (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Membrane Transport Systems) (10 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Drug Resistance Mechanisms) (10 mcq) Practice question set #10 (Drug Metabolizing Systems:  Phase I and Phase II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #11 (Drug Metabolism:  Cytochrome p450) (10 mcq) Practice question set #12 (Drug Metabolism:  Cytochrome p450) (10 mcq) Practice question set #13 (Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions) (10 mcq) Practice question set #14 (Effects of Drugs on Drug Metabolism) (10 mcq) Practice question set #15 (Drug Toxicities) (10 mcq) Flashcards Practice Exam 1   (17 mcq) Unit Practice Exam #1 (13 mcq) Unit Practice Exam #2 (17 mcq) Unit Practice Exam #3 (20 mcq) Unit Practice Exam #4 (21 mcq) Return to top of Page   Pharmacology of the ANS:  Introduction: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Anatomy Comparison between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System:  Cranial-Sacral Outflow ANS Neurotransmitters:  Effector Organs Characteristics of Autonomic Organ Innervation "Fight or Flight" ANS Responses ANS Neurotransmission Neurotransmitter Criteria Neurotransmitter Steps Cholinergic Neurotransmission Transmitter Synthesis and Degradation Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholine Storage and Release Cholinergic Transmission:  Site Differences Cholinergic Transmission:  Signal Transduction Catecholamine Synthetic Pathway Adrenergic Neurotransmission:  Introduction to the Neurotransmitters Catecholamine Synthesis, Storage, and Release Catecholamine Reuptake Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes Other Autonomic Neurotransmitters/Co-transmitters Predominant Sympathetic or Parasynpathic Tone:  Anatomical Sites Baroreflexes Drug Modification of Autonomic Function Autonomic Dysfunction Return to top of Page   Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology Practice Question Set #1 (20 mcq) Practice Question Set #2 (17 mcq) Practice Question Set #3 (15 mcq) Practice Question Set #4 (15 mcq) Return to top of Page Introduction Videos Thoracolumbar Sympathetic Nervous System (5 min) Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology (18 min) Autonomic Regulation of Heart Rate (5 min) Anatomy:  Parasympathetic Nervous System (6 min) Pre-Capillary Sphincter Regulation (4 min) Adrenal Gland (24 min) Adrenergic Effects on Liver Function (2 min) Chemical Synapse Animation (1 min) Cholinergic Neurotransmission (14 min) Return to top of Page   Pharmacology of Adrenergic Drugs Introduction Adrenergic Drug Classification Direct-Acting Agents Indirect-Acting Agents Direct vs. Indirect Acting Agents Catecholamine Biosynthesis Review of Catecholamine Synthesis and Release Catecholamine Release and Reuptake Neuroeffector Junction Organic Cation Transporters Adrenergic Agonist-Receptor Interaction and Signaling Pathway Activation Overview of Drug-Receptor Interacting Systems Intracellular Receptor Acting at the DNA level / gene level Tyrosine Kinase-Based Receptors Cytokine Receptors Ligand- and voltage-Gated Ion Channels G-protein and Second Messenger Systems Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes α-Adrenergic Receptors α1-Adrenergic Receptor Subtype α2-Adrenergic Receptor Subtype β-Adrenergic Receptors β1-Adrenergic Receptor Subtype β2-Adrenergic Receptor Subtype β3-Adrenergic Receptor Subtype Return to top of Page Dopamine I α- and β- Adrenergic Receptor Selectivity α1-Adrenergic Receptor Subtype α2-Adrenergic Receptor Subtype β-Adrenergic Receptors (β1- β2 - β3 -Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes) Dopamine Receptors Drugs actings at adrenergic neuroeffector sites (Part I) Drugs acting at adrenergic neuroeffector sites (Part II) Epinephrine Adrenal Medulla 21-hydroxylase deficiency Epinephrine:  Target Organ Effects Cardiac Effects Smooth Muscle Effects Vascular Smooth Muscle Tone Effects on Respiration Asthma β-adrenergic agonists Metabolic Actions Glucagon Free Fatty Acids Miscellaneous epinephrine effects Absorption Metabolism Formulation and chemical stability Some clinical applications Return to top of Page Norepinephrine Cardiovascular effects:  Comparison of norepinephrine vs. epinephrine Effects on blood pressure Vasospastic Angina Dopamine II Dopamine Pathways:  Dopamine and Serotonin Dopamine receptors Second Messenger Systems Dopamine Receptor Distribution Dopamine CNS Pathways Parkinson's Disease I Surgical Interventions Parkinson's Disease II Overview Motor Presentations Non-Motor Presentations Dementia Genetics Differential Diagnosis Pharmacological Basis for Management Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease Levodopa (L-DOPA) Dopamine agonists Ropinerole (Requip), pramipexole (Mirapex) and rotigotine (Neupro) COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) Inhibitors MAO-B Inhibitors Anticholinergics Amantadine (Symmetrel) Dopaminergic Systems and Schizophrenia Epidemiology and Biology Genetics Pathophysiology Models in Schizophrenia Serotonin Glutamate Dopamine Review of Dopamine Receptor Subtypes Comparison of Antipsychotic Agents Antipsychotic Drugs and their Side Effects Antipsychotic Drugs and their  structural features Non-Neurological Adverse Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs Dopamine III Cardiovascular Activity Dopamine in Cardiovascular Therapeutics β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists:  Overview Isoproterenol Dobutamine (Dobutrex) β2-selective adrenergic receptor agonists Short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists Albuterol (Salbutamol) Levalbuterol (Xopenex) Metaproterenol (Alupent) Pirbuterol (Maxair) Terbutaline (Brethine) Fenoterol (Berotec) Long-acting β2-selective adrenergic receptor agonists Salmeterol (Serevent) Formoterol (Foradil) Arformoterol (Brovana) Adverse effects associated with β-adrenergic receptor agonists Return to top of Page α1-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists: Overview Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) Metaraminol (Aramine) Midodrine (Proamatine) α2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists: Overview Clonidine (Catapres) Adverse effects Apraclonidine (Iopidine) Brimonidine (Alphagan) Guanfacine (Tenex, Intuniv) Guanabenz (Wytensin) Methyldopa (Aldomet) Tizanidine (Zanaflex) Other Sympathomimetic Amines Amphetamine Cardiovascular System Effects Central Nervous System Effects Effects on Fatigue and Sleep Effects on Weight Loss Mechanism of CNS Effects Toxicity Methamphetamine Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin) α-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists:  Overview α-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist Selectivities Prazosin (Minipress) Doxazosin (Cardura) Terazosin (Hytrin) Alfuzosin (Uroxatral) Silodosin (Rapaflo) Adverse Effects α2-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists Yohimbine Non-Selective Adrenergic Antagonists Phentolamine "Other" Adrenergic Antagonists Return to top of Page   β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists Overview Receptor Sub-Type Pharmacology:  Classification Cardiovascular System Activity Heart Rhythm and Automaticity Antihypertensive Activity Celiprolol (Cardem) Nebivolol (Bystolic) Nipradilol Carvedilol (Coreg) Carteolol (Cartrol) Betaxolol (Kerlone) Pulmonary Effects Metabolic Effects Adverse effects associated with ß-adrenergic receptor antagonist administration Cardiovascular System Pulmonary System Drug overdose and toxicity associated with ß antagonist administration Therapeutic Uses:  ß-adrenergic receptor antagonist Acute Coronary Syndromes Primary Hypertension Clinical Assessment Risk Assessment Secondary Hypertension Renovascular Hypertension Sleep Apnea Primary Aldosteronism Cushing's Syndrome Pheochromocytoma Treatment of Hypertension ß-Adrenergic Blockers Thiazide Diuretics Loop Diuretics Potassium Sparing Diuretics Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Calcium Channel Antagonists Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors α-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists α2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists Return to top of Page Heart Failure Functional Capacity Pharmacological Treatment Diuretics ß-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists Aldosterone Antagonism-Spironolactone Digitalis Glycosides Vasodilators Nitrates Miscellaneous Cardiovascular Uses Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Marfan's syndrome Glaucoma Other Uses Hyperthyroidism Migraine Prophylaxis Stage Fright Recurrent Variceal Bleeding Prophylaxis Specific ß-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists Propranolol (Inderal) Nadolol (Corgard) Timolol (Blocadren) Pindolol (Visken) Metoprolol (Lopressor) Esmolol (Brevibloc) Acebutalol (Sectral) Labetalol (Normodyne) Carvedilol (Coreg) Betaxolol (Betoptic) Nebivolol (Bystolic) Celiprolol (Cardem) Autonomic Dysfunction Return to top of Page   Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Adrenergic Drug Pharmacology Practice Question Set #1 (General Autonomic Adrenergic Questions) (20 mcq) Practice Question Set #2 (General Autonomic Adrenergic Questions) (10 mcq) Practice Question Set #3 (Adrenergic Drug and Receptor Properties) (10) Practice Question Set #4 (General Autonomic Adrenergic Questions) (10) Practice Question Set #5 (Epinephrine Pharmacology) (14 mcq) Practice Question Set #6 (Adrenergic Actions at Effector Sites) (10 mcq) Practice Question Set #7 (Pharmacological Actions of:  Epinephrine, Dopamine and NE) (11 mcq) Practice Question Set #8 (Dopamine Pharmacology) (10 mcq) Practice Question Set #9 (Dopamine, α2 -Receptors and Shock) (10 mcq) Practice Question Set #10 (Clinical Applications and Precautions:  Adrenergic Agents)   (12 mcq) Practice Questions Set #11 (Adrenergic Anatomy, Substance P and Adrenergic Actions) (15 mcq) Practice Questions Set #12 (General Adrenergic Pharmacology and Physiology) (16 mcq) Practice Questions Set #13 (Catecholamines and  Sympathetic Drugs I) (10 mcq) Practice Questions Set #14 (Catecholamines and Sympathetic Drugs II) (10 mcq) Practice Questions Set #15 (Adrenergic System Responsiveness and Indirect-Acting Agents) (10 mcq) Practice Question Set #16 (Epinephrine; Comparative Pharmacology of Epi, NE and Isoproterenol) (13 mcq) Practice Question Set #17 (Epinephrine and Vascular Effects) (10 mcq) Practice Questions Set #18 (Epinephrine and Myocardial Effects) (10 mcq) Practice Questions Set #19 (Epinephrine and Smooth Muscle Tone) (10 mcq) Practice Questions Set #20 (Epinephrine and Secretion; Autonomic Tone) (10 mcq) Practice Question Set #21 (Miscellaneous Epinephrine Effects) (10 mcq) Flashcard Set #1 Flashcard Set #2 Case 1 (10 mcq) Case 2 (12 mcq) Case 3 (5 mcq) Case 4 (2 mcq) Case 5 (3 mcq) Case 6 (4 mcq) Case 7 (5 mcq) Case 8 (flashcards) Practice Exam 1 (15 mcq) Practice Exam 2 (30 mcq) Practice Exam 3 (25 mcq) Return to top of Page  Adrenergic Videos Baroreceptor Reflex:  High Blood Pressure (3 min) Nervous System (Pharmacology, Receptors and Physiology (34 min) Catecholamine Biosynthesis (Dopamine, NE, Epi) (8 min) Synaptic Release of Neurotransmitter (NE) (14 min) Norepinephrine Basic and Clinical Uses (9 min) Epinephrine Basic and Clinical Uses (14 min) Dopamine Pharmacology (27 min) Adrenal Hyperplasia: 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (18 min) Asthma Symptoms (12 min) Asthma Diagnosis and Treatment (49 min) Insulin and Glucagon (17 min) Variant (Prinzmetal Angina) (2 min) Parkinson's Disease:  Diagnosis and Treatment (5 min) Parkinson's Disease:  Basal Ganglia Circuitry (4 min) Parkinson's Disease Surgical Intervention (10 min) Parkinsonian Gait (1 min) Parkinsonian Dyskinesia (2 min) Parkinson's Disease:  Physiology and Pharmacology (24 min) Monamine Oxidase (MAO-B):  Use in Parkinson's Disease (9 min) Schizophrenia Research:  Future Directions (75 min) Schizophrenia and Genetics (69 min) Schizophrenia:  Neural Circuits (68 min) Antipsychotic Drug Classification (6 min) Clozapine Pharmacology (2 min) Antipsychotic Drug Pharmacology (10 min) Congestive Heart Failure Animation (4 min) Congestive Heart Failure Lecture (60 min) Asthma Overview (7 min) Albuterol (Asthma) (15 min)  Cardiac Arrhythmias Management (Torsades de Pointes Rhythm) (1 min) Cardiac Arrhythmias Management (3rd Degree Atrioventricular Block) (1 min) Myocyte Contractility:  Influence of β1-Receptor Activation (0.5 min) Cardiac Arrhythmias Management (Sinus Tachycardia with Bundle Branch Block) (1 min) Clonidine Pharmacology:  A Review (3 min) Narcolepsy:  Autoimmune Disease (3 min) Amphetamine Pharmacology (15 min) Methamphetamine PSA (60 min) Pharmacological Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) (2 min) Adrenergic Receptors:  Agonists and Antagonists (23 min) Beta-Antagonist Use in Managing Arrhythmias (13 min) Nitric Oxide Pharmacology (29 min) Cardiac Automaticity (8 min) Asthma Diagnosis (8 min) Raynauds' Syndrome (5 min) Torsades de Pointes  (5 min) Renal arterial Stenosis:  Case Study (4 min) Primary and Secondary Hypertention:  A Comparison (7 min) Pheochromocytoma:  Symptoms and Management (9 min) Hypertension and Endocrinology (9 min) Diuretic Drugs:  Sites of Kidney Action (9 min) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (12 min) Angiotensin Converting Enzyme:  (ACE) Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (7 min) Congestive Heart Failure (60 min) Heart Failure Animation (4 min) Beta-Blockers and Management of CHF (10 min) Use of Beta-Blockers in Patients with both Atrial Fibrillation and CHF(3 min) Sites of Renal Diuretic Activity (9 min) Digioxin (Digitalis Glycosides):  Mechanism of Action in Management of Congestive Heart Failure (5 min) β-Blockers and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (60 min) Propranolol and its use in:  Marfan Syndrome Complications (12 min) Return to top of Page   Pharmacology of Cholinergic Drugs: Spectrum of Action of Cholinergic Esters Cholinergic Effects on Organ Systems Location of Cholinergic Synapses and the Spectrum of Action of Cholinergic Agents Cholinergic Receptors Muscarinic Coupling Nicotinic Muscle Receptor Nicotinic Neuronal Receptor Muscarinic Receptors Type M1 Type M2 Signal transduction mechanisms Choline esters: Comparisons and Contrasts Potentiation by Acetylcholinesterases Pharmacological Effects of Cholinergic Agonists Cardiovascular Effects Vasodilation Negative Chronotropic Decreased SA and AV nodal conduction velocity Negative inotropism (decreased contractility) Effect on ionic currents Gastrointestinal and Urinary Tracts Cellular Events following Cholinergic Receptor Activation Second Messenger Systems Nitric Oxide and Muscarinic Receptor Activation Nitric Oxide Synthase Return to top of Page Some Cholinergic Agents Clinical Uses Agonists Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Opthalmological Contraindications Adverse Effects: Muscarinic Agonists Indirect-acting Cholinomimetic Drugs  Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Overview "Reversible", short-acting "Reversible", intermediate-acting "Irreversible", long-acting Indirect Acting Agents-Table Pharmacokinetics Clinical use in anesthesia Parathion and Malathion Inhibition Mechanisms ACHE Locations Return to top of Page Organ Systems Eye: Ophthalmological Uses Gastrointestinal and Urinary Bladder Myasthenia Gravis Alzheimer's Disease Conditions Resembling Myasthenia Gravis Adverse Effects Cholinergic Antagonists Antimuscarinics Clinical Applications Use in Anesthesia CNS Effects Preoperative medications Sedation Management of reflex bradycardia Third Degree (Complete) Heart Block Combinations with anticholinesterase agents during pharmacological antagonism of nondepolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agents Bronchodilation Management of gastric or intestinal hypersensitivity or secretion Respiratory Tract Effects Ophthalmological Effects Adverse Effects Ganglionic Blocking Agents Antimuscarinic drug effects  on various organ systems Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:  Cholinergic Drug Pharmacology Practice Question Set #1 (Parasympathetic Pharmacology) (13 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice Question Set #2 (Localization of Cholinergic Synapses) (13 mcq) Practice Question Set #3 (Physiological Consequences of Autonomic Cholinergic Activity) (15 mcq) Practice Question Set #4 (Classification of Cholinergic Drugs) (12 mcq) Practice Question Set #5 (Clinical Uses of Cholinergic Agents) (12 mcq) Practice Question Set #6 (Cholinergic Agents in Anesthesia) (10 mcq) Flashcard Set #1 Flashcard Set #2 Case 1 (7 mcq) Case 2 (4 mcq) Case 3 (8 mcq) Practice Exam 1 (23 mcq) Practice Exam 2 (21 mcq) Unit Drug List Unit Practice Exams (114 mcq) Return to top of Page  Cholinergic Videos Cholinergic Drugs - Pharmacology Animation (5 min) Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors (13 min) Muscarinic Receptors:  G Protein Linked 2nd Messenger (22 min) Autonomic Innervation of the Heart (4 min) The Cholinergic Receptor (16 min) Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (4 min) Cholinesterase Inhibitors; NMJ Reversal and Anticholinergic Pharmacology (14 min) Return to top of Page        Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Drugs  Hypertension:  Introduction Primary hypertension Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Sympathetic, autonomic nervous system Renal sympathetic nerves Clinical assessment Risk assessment Secondary hypertension Renovascular hypertension Sleep apnea Primary Aldosteronism Cushing's syndrome Pheochromocytoma Hypertension Treatment ß-receptor antagonists Adverse effects Thiazide diuretics Loop diuretics Potassium-sparing diuretics Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists Calcium channel antagonists Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors α-adrenergic receptor antagonists α2-adrenergic receptor agonists Clonidine Guanfacine Guanabenz Methyldopa Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:  Antihypertensive Drug Pharmacology Practice question set 1 (General Questions)   (19 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set 2 (Causes of Hypertension) (10 mcq) Practice question set 3 (Antihypertensive Drug Classes) (22 mcq) Practice question set 4 (Antihypertensive Drug Action) (15 mcq) Practice question set 5 (Clinical Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs) (12 mcq) Practice question set 6 (General Antihypertensive Pharmacology) (14 mcq) Practice question set 7 (Diuretic Drugs in Hypertension Management) (10 mcq) Practice question set 8 (Physiological Aspects in Hypertension Treatment) (10 mcq) Practice question set 9 (Antihypertensive Drug Classification) (10 mcq) Practice question set 10 (Antiadrenergic Drugs in Hypertension Treatment) (10 mcq) Practice question set 11 (Calcium Channel Blockers in Hypertension Treatment) (10 mcq) Practice question set 12 (Renin and Angiotensin Antagonists in Hypertension) (10 mcq) Flashcard set #1 Flashcard set #2 Flashcard set #3 Flashcard set #4 Practice exam #1 (20 mcq) Practice exam #2 (31 mcq) Practice exam #3 (21 mcq) Return to top of Page  Hypertension Videos Drug Treatment of Hypertension (9 min) Diuretics and Effects on the Kidney (9 min) Return to top of Page    Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Drugs Electrophysiology Cardiac Rhythm Cardiac Electrophysiology Transmembrane potential Sodium Potassium Spontaneous Depolarization Channel Activation Phases of the cardiac action potential and ionic and electrophysiological changes are associated with normal cardiac rhythm Resting membrane potential and conduction velocity Pathophysiology Abnormalities of Cardiac Impulse Initiation Introduction: Arrhythmias and Drug Therapy Antiarrhythmic Drug Video Atrial Fibrillation Drugs that help maintain normal rhythm Mechanisms that predispose to arrhythmias Reentry:  common proarrhythmic conduction abnormality Mechanism of Action of Antiarrhythmic Agents Antiarrhythmic Drug Classes Antiarrhythmic Drugs Part I Antiarrhythmic Drugs Part II Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Antiarrhythmic Drug Pharmacology Practice question set #1 (Drug Classes and Side Effects) (21 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (General Antiarrhythmic Drug Questions) (20 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Causes of Arrthythmias)  (14 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Class I Antiarrthymic Drugs) (20 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Proarrhythmic Factors) (25 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Mechanisms of Anthiarrhythic Drug Actions)  (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Antiarrhythmic action of Adenosine)  (6 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Antiarrhythmic Drug Classification)  (10 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Procainamide) (10 mcq) Practice question set #10 (Qunidine) (10 mcq) Practice question set #11 (Lidocaine) (10 mcq) Practice question set #12 (Disopyramide) (10 mcq) Practice question set #13 (Mexilitine) (10 mcq) Practice question set #14 (Flecanide) (10 mcq) Practice question set #15 (β-Adrenergic Antagonists) (12 mcq) Practice question set #16 (Sotolol Pharmacology) (16 mcq) Practice question set #17 (Amiodarone Pharmacology) (7 mcq) Practice question set #18 (Dronedarone and Dofetilide) (11 mcq) Practice question set #19 (Diltiazem and Verapamil) (8 mcq) Flashcard set #1 Flashcard set #2 Flashcard set #3 Practice exam #1 (20 mcq) Practice exam #2 (23 mcq) Practice exam #3 (28mcq) Return to top of Page  Antiarrhythmic Videos Cardiac Conduction System (11 min) Antiarrhythmic Drugs (88 min) Treating Atrial Fibrillation (87 min) Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (3 min) Return to top of Page    Pharmacology of Antianginal Drugs Coronary Arteries Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease Nitric Oxide and Vasodilation Overview Synthesis/Transport Cardiovascular Pulmonary Platelets Nervous system Immune function Pathophysiology Anesthesia Clinical Uses Definition of angina pectoris Refractory Angina Prinzmetal's Variant Angina Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow Control of Coronary Blood Flow Factors influencing Myocardial Oxygen Demand and Supply Treatment objectives: Angina Chronic Management Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) Treatment of ACS Pharmacological Interventions:  Overview Nitrates Beta-Receptor Antagonists Calcium Channel Antagonists Return to top of Page Nitrate Pharmacology Overview Mechanisms of Action Nitrate Effects on Coronary Blood Flow Nitrate Effects:  Smooth Muscle Nitrates:  Absorption and Metabolism Toxicities Calcium Channel Antagonists Vascular Effects Mechanism of Smooth Muscle Contraction Effect on Cardiac Cells Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion\ Toxicities Therapeutic Uses Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists Anti-Anginal Actions Clinical Pharmacology of Antianginal Drugs Nitrates Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists Calcium Channel Blockers Some Specific Anti-anginal Drugs Isosorbide Nitroglycerin Nimodipine (Nimotop) and Felodipine (Plendil) Diltiazem (Cardiazem) Nisoldipine (Sular) Verapamil Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Antianginal Drug Pharmacology Practice question set #1 (Antianginal Drugs in Differing Clinical Settings) (8 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (Nitric Oxide Pharmacology) (12 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Acute and Chronic Angina Management) (15 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Calcium Channel Antagonists) (20 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Clopidogrel and Related Drugs) (10 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Nitrate Pharmacology) (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Calcium Channel Blockers and Ranolazine) (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Role of β-Adrenergic Blockers in Angina) (10 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Angina:  Physiology and Pharmacology) (10 mcq) Flashcard set #1 Flashcard set #2 Practice exam #1 (10 mcq) Practice exam #2 (30 mcq) Return to top of Page  Angina Videos Coronary Arteries (4 min) Genetics and Coronary Artery Disease (39 min) Refractory Angina (30 min) Acute Coronary Syndrome (92 min) Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome (14 min) James Black:  Testing Propranolol (5 min) Return to top of Page    Pharmacological Management of CHF  CHF Overview: Short Video Introduction:  Clinical Presentation (Overview Video Lecture) Epidemiology and Pathophysiology (Video Lecture) CHF Animation Causative Factors with Decreased Ejection Fraction Causative Factors with Preserved Ejection Fraction   Heart failure Classification Routine Assessments Establishing Presence and Probable Heart Failure Cause Additional Tests in Support of Either a Heart Failure Diagnosis or an Alternative Functional Capacity Assessment Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Levels Fluid Retention Assessment Elevated Jugular Venous Pressure Chest Radiograph Pedal, Pitting Edema Return to top of Page Drug Treatment Stages of Heart Failure Development and Recommended Therapy Options β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists Carvedilol Starling's Law:  Ventricular Performance as Influenced by Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume (Ventricular Stretch) Morbidity and Mortality in Heart Failures, as Influenced by β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonism Common Cause of Sudden Death  in Severe Heart Failure Patients: Arrhythmias The Use of β-Receptor Blockers in Treating Heart Failure Should Be Evidenced-based Diuretics Sites of Action Proximal Tubular Diuretics Loop Diuretics Distal Tubular Diuretics Clinical Uses Toxicity Distal Tubular Diuretics ECG Changes with Hypokalemia Potassium loss and Volume Depletion Gout Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) Aldosterone Antagonism-Spironolactone Digitalis glycosides Vasodilators Nitrates Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Drugs for Treating Heart Failure Practice question set #1 (Factors Affecting Myocardial Performance) (17 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (Drugs Classes Used in CHF Management) (13 mcq) Practice question set #3 (CHF Causes and Vasomotor Tone) (15 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Autonomic Pharmacology and Vascular Tone) (15 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Symptoms of CHF and Digitalis Inotropism) (19 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Cardiac Decompensation and CHF Symptoms)  (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Management of Acute Heart Failure) (7 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Drug Approaches to CHF Management) (10 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Dopamine and Cardiac Glycosides in CHF) (10 mcq) Practice question set #10 (Role of Diuretics in CHF Management) (10 mcq) Practice question set #11 (Diuretics and ACE Inhibitors in CHF) (10 mcq) Practice question set #12 (Diastolic Dysfunction in Heart Failure) (10 mcq) Flashcard set #1 Flashcard set #2 Practice Exam #1 (18 mcq) Practice Exam #2 (42 mcq) Return to top of Page  CHF Videos Congestive Heart Failure Animation 1 (1 min) CHF Lecture (60 min) CHF Pathophysiology (55 min) CHF Animation 2 (4 min) CHF with Reduced Ejection Fraction (48 min) Hypokalemia and CHF (6 min) Diuretics (9 min) Return to top of Page  Cardiovascular Pharmacology Unit Drug List Return to top of Page    Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotic Drugs Stages of CNS depression Central/sedhyp/Sedative1.htm# Classification of central nervous system depressants Possible biochemical mechanism of action of anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics  Effects on cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems. Comparative Advantages and disadvantages  of  sedative-hypnotic classes  Anxiolytics Hypnotics Specific Drug Classes Ethanol Barbituates Benzodiazepines Others Return to top of Page Preoperative Medications: The Role of Sedative Hypnotics and Other Drugs and Issues Benzodiazepines Opioids Antihistamines (including both sedative uses and effects on gastric acid secretion) Antacids Patients who should receive prophylaxis against aspiration Proton Pump Inhibitors Antiemetic Drugs Anticholinergic Agents Centrally-acting α2 agonists Steroids Antibiotics Insulin Preoperative medication differences between adults and children Preoperative medication for ambulatory surgery Benzodiazepines Opioids and Nonsteroidal Analgesics Propofol (Diprivan) in the preoperative setting Anxiety management in the ambulatory surgical setting Aspiration risk in the ambulatory care setting Management of postoperative nausea in the ambulatory care setting Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Sedative-Hypnotic Drug Pharmacology Practice question set #1 (General Principles of Sedative-Hypnotic Pharmacology) (18 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (Sedative-Hypotics and Anesthesia, e.g. Amnestics) (9 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Benzodiazepines e.g. Diazepam) (20 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Benzodiazepine and Alcohol Pharmacology) (20 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Benzodiazepine Mechanisms of Action) (10 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Benzodiazepine Metabolism) (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Benzodiazepines: General Characteristics) (11 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Management of Insomnia: e.g. Zolpidem) (10 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Benzodiazpine-Reversal and Ramelteon Pharmacology) (10 mcq) Practice question set #10 (Barbiturates and Benzodiapines:  Comparative Pharmacology) (10 mcq) Flashcard set #1 Flashcard set #2 Flashcard set #3 Practice exam #1 (15 mcq) Return to top of Page  Sedative-Hypnotic Videos Wernicke's Encephalopathy (6 min) Multiple System Atrophy:  Evaluation (25 min) Return to top of Page   Pharmacology of Opioid Analgesics Opioids:  Advanced Concepts Nomenclature Opioids Definition Source Classification/Chemistry Opioid Classification Chemical Substitution Endogenous Opioid Peptides Pharmacokinetics Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of Action Receptor Binding Receptor Types Receptor Types and Physiological Effects Opioid Receptor Subtypes: Table Cellular Actions G-Protein Links Two Well-Defined Actions Spinal Cord Sites of Action Presynaptic Sites Opioid Receptor Distribution Pain and the Brain (video) Primary afferents to pain transmission neurons Systemic Opioid Administration Supraspinal and spinal sites of action Descending pathways Sites of action summary Tolerance and Physical Dependence Opioid Effects: Degree of Tolerance Developed Opioid abuse Return to top of Page Organ Systems CNS Analgesia Spinal Cord Supraspinal Sites of Action Clinical Implications Euphoria Sedation Respiratory Depression Cough Suppression Miosis Clinical Implications Truncal Rigidity Nausea and Vomiting Cardiovascular Effects Gastrointestinal Effects Constipation Biliary Tract Genitourinary Tract Uterus Neuroendocrine Pentazocine  (Talwain)(and other)-- agonist-antagonists Opioid Analgesics: Efficacy; Oral/Parenteral Potency Ratio Summary of Opioid Analgesic Toxic Effects Clinical Use: Opioid Analgesics Analgesia Obstetrical Labor Renal/Biliary Colic Acute Pulmonary Edema Cough Diarrhea Opioids and Anesthesia Anesthetic Premedication Intraoperative Use-general Intraoperative Use-regional Other routes of Administration Toxicity and Side Effects Tolerance Cross-Tolerance Physiologic Dependence Antagonist-Precipitated Withdrawal Psychological Dependence Prescribing Principles and Guidelines Management/Treatment of Overdosage Contraindications/Therapeutic Cautions Pregnancy Impaired Lung Function Impaired Liver/Kidney Function Endocrine Disorders Return to top of Page Specific Drugs Strong Agonists Phenanthrenes Morphine Hydromorphone Oxymorphone (Numorphan) Phenylheptylamines Methadone (Dolophine) Pharmacodynamics Levomethadyl acetate Phenylpiperidines Meperidine (Demerol) Fentanyl Group Fentanyl (Sublimaze) Sufentanil  (Sufenta) Alfentanil (Alfenta) Remifentanil (Ultiva) Morphinans: -- Levorphanol  (Levo-dromoran) Mild/Moderate Agonists Codeine, oxycodone (Roxicodone), dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone Propoxyphene (Darvon) Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) Loperamide (Imodium) Mixed Agonist-Antagonists and Partial Agonists Nalbuphene Buprenorphine (Buprenex) Butorphanol Pentazocine Dezocine Miscellaneous Tramadol Antitussives Opioid Antagonists-Naloxone, Naltrexone, Nalmefene Pharmacodynamics Clinical Use Return to top of Page    Pharmacology Practice Questions:  Opioid Pharmacology Practice question set #1 (General Properties)  (5 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (Endogenous Opioid Peptides and Exogenous Agents) (15 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Comparative Opioid Pharmacology: Agonists and Reversal Agents) (10 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Endogenous Opioid Peptides) (10 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Opioid Pharmacology: Desensitization, Clinical Effects, Withdrawal) (10 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Opioids and Clinical Uses) (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Opioid Side-Effects and Contraindications) (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Opioid Metabolism and Drug Elimination) Practice question set #9 (Comparative Pharmacology: e.g. Meperidine and Morphine) (10 mcq) Practice question set #10 (Fentanyl and Diphenoxylate) (10 mcq) Practice question set #11 (Fentanyl and Opioid Overdose) (10 mcq) Practice question set #12 (Methadone and Propoxyphene) (10 mcq) Practice question set #13 (Pentazocine and Buorphanol) (10 mcq) Practice question set #14 (Opioid Distribution and Metabolism) (10 mcq) Practice question set #15 (Antitussive Effects of Opioids) (10 mcq) Practice question set #16 (Opioids and Pain Management) (10 mcq) Practice question set #17 (Opioids: General Questions) (10 mcq) Flashcard set #1 Practice exam #1 (10 mcq) Return to top of Page  Opioid Video Pain and the Brain (88 min) Return to top of Page    Pharmacology of General Anesthetics Factors influencing Rate of Induction Anesthetic Potency Differences between Inhalational Agents Second-Gas Effects Diffusional Hypoxia Fixed (intravenous) anesthetics Rationale for preanesthetic medications Sedative-Hypnotics including anxiolytics Opioids Antiemetics Antipsychotics Antihistamine Anticholinergics Gastrokinetic Drugs Inhaled anesthetics Halothane (Fluothane)  Nitrous oxide Desflurane (Suprane) Isoflurane (Forane) Enflurane (Ethrane) Sevoflurane (Sevorane, Ultane) Return to top of Page Comparative Pharmacology and Physiology of Anesthetics Inhalational agents and the CNS Seizure Activity Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) Cerebral Metabolic Requirements (CMR) Intracranial Pressure Clinical Correlations Neurosurgical Considerations Management of intracranial volume Mannitol (Osmitrol) Furosemide (Lasix) Corticosteroids Hyperventilation Therapeutic goals ICP and skeletal muscle relaxants Succinylcholine (Anectine) Nondepolarizing agents Steroidal agents Induction sequence in patients with elevated ICP Anesthesia maintenance: supratentorial tumor cases Return to top of Page Inhalational agents and the Cardiovascular System Dose-dependent and drug-specific effects Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Heart Rate Cardiac Output/Stroke Volume Systemic Vascular Resistance Duration of Anesthetic Administration and Cardiac Effects Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Cardiac Arrhythmias Coronary Blood Flow Neurocirculatory Responses -- Desflurane (Suprane) Preexisting myocardial disease and inhaled anesthetic effects Ventilation Effects Breathing Patterns Ventilatory responses to CO2 Surgical stimulation Mechanism of Anesthetic-induced ventilation depression Hypoxemia: Ventilatory response Airway Resistance (volatile anesthetics) Hepatic Effects Volatile Anesthetics and Drug Clearance Hepatotoxicity Overview Hepatotoxicity: Halothane (Fluothane) Halothane (Fluothane) Hepatitis Enflurane (Ethrane), Isoflurane (Forane), and Desflurane (Suprane) Skeletal Muscle Effects and Volatile Anesthetics Neuromuscular Junction Malignant Hyperthermia and volatile anesthetics Obstetrical Effects and Volatile Anesthetics Volatile anesthetics-obstetrical effects Nitrous Oxide-obstetrical effects Renal Effects-Volatile Anesthetics: Overview Fluoride-induced renal toxicity Vinyl Halide Nephrotoxicity Return to top of Page  Physics and Chemistry for Anesthesia Gases Gas Laws Kinetic Theory of Gases Kinetic Energy and Temperature Ideal Gas Law Partial Pressure  I Partial Pressure II Physics and Specific Anesthetic Gases Inhalational Anesthesia Alveolar Fractional Gas Concentration (FA) Anesthetic Solubility and Blood:Gas Partition Coefficient Anesthetic Overpressure Concentration Effect Second-Gas Effect Ventilation Effects Cardiovascular Effects (Perfusion) on Rate of Rise of Anesthetic Partial Pressure Clinical Correlations Combined Ventilation and Perfusion Effects Pulmonary Shunting and Anesthesia Nitrous Oxide in Closed Spaces CO2 Levels:  Capnography Anesthetic System Circuitry I Anesthetic Circuitry II (including Mapleson Circuits) Vaporizers I Vaporizers II Vaporizers:  Variable Bypass Systems Desflurane Vaporizers Fluid and Gas Flow Principles Bernoulli's Equation Venturi Effects/Mask Turbulent Flows Gas Transport in Blood:  Hemoglobin Hemoglobin Protein Dynamics Protein Structure I Protein Structure II Globular Proteins    Pharmacology Practice Questions:  General Anesthesia Practice question set #1 (Fundamental Concepts) (5 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (Partial Pressure) (11 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Anesthetics; Physiological Effects) (20 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Comparative Pharmacology of Anesthetics) (20 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Anesthetic Agents; Adverse Effects) (20 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Antiemetic Drugs) (12 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Properties of Various Anesthetics) (15 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Intracranial Pressure I) (20 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Intracranial Pressure II) (26 mcq) Practice question set #10 (Vasculature Effects of Anesthetics) (13 mcq) Case 1 (3 mcq) Case 2 (2 mcq) Case 3 (2 mcq) Case 4 (3 mcq) Case 5 (2 mcq) Case 6 (3 mcq) Case 7 (2 mcq) Case 8 (3 mcq) Case 9 (2 mcq) Return to top of Page    Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics Overview: Chemical Properties Pharmacokinetics Absorption and Distribution Pulmonary Extraction Placental Transfer Clearance Vasoconstrictors with local anesthetics Local Anesthetic Combinations Side-Effects/Toxicities Clinical Uses Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:  Local Anesthesia Practice question set #1 (General Principles and Pharmacokinetics) (20 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (Absorption and Distribution of Local Anesthetics) (20 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Local Anesthetic Toxicities and Contraindications) (20 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Local Anesthetics and Clinical Considerations) (35 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Amide and Ester-Type Agents; Metabolism) (10 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Properties of Local Anesthetics) (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Comparative Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics) (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Differential Uses and Toxicities of Local Anesthetics) (10 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Clinical Issues in Local Anesthetic Uses) (10 mcq) Case 1 (2 mcq) Case 2 (4 mcq) Case 3 (4 mcq) Case 4 (3mcq) Practice exam #1 (23 mcq) Practice exam #2 (39 mcq) Return to top of Page  Local Anesthetic Videos Cauda Equina Syndrome (12 min) Basic Pharmacology (35 min) Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia (16 min) Return to top of Page   Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs Skeletal muscle relaxants Spasticity Table: Anti-spasmolytic drugs Diazepam (Valium) Baclofen (Lioresal) Tizanidine (Zanaflex) Dantrolene (Dantrium) Calcium Channel Structure Drugs for Acute Local Spasm Neuromuscular-blocking agents Chemistry-Structure Pharmacokinetics: Neuromuscular-blocking drugs Introductory comments about specific Nondepolarizing agents Vecuronium (Norcuron) vs Pancuronium (Pavulon) Rocuronium (Zemuron) Atracurium (Tracrium) Cisatracurium (Nimbex) Mivacurium (Mivacron) Depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs Pharmacodynamics Clinical Uses Depolarization Neuromuscular-blockade:  Succnylcholine Succinylcholine (Anectine)-- adverse effects Nondepolarizing blocking drugs Clinical Pharmacology:  Role of neuromuscular blockade in anesthesia Some neuromuscular-blocking drugs Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission Practice question set #1 (Classification and General Pharmacology of NMJ Blockers) (10 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (Depolarizing and Non-Depolarizing NMJ Antagonists) (10 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Dantrolene; Baclofen) (12 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Pharmacokinetics) (20 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Succinylcholine) (20 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Non-Depolarizing NMJ Antagonists e.g. Pancuronium) (20 mcq) Case 1 (2 mcq) Case 2 (2 mcq) Case 3 (3 mcq) Case 4 (2 mcq) Return to top of Page  NMJ Antagonist Videos Spasticity and Spasms (10 min) Malignant Hyperthermia (58 min) NMJ Blockers (58 min) Return to top of Page      Pharmacology of Histamine Introduction Chemistry/Pharmacokinetics Tissue Distribution Formation Inactivation Storage/Release Immunological Degranulation Release Regulation Response Modulation by Histamine Pharmacodynamics-Mechanism of Action Receptors Organ Systems Cardiovascular Gastrointestinal Bronchiolar Nerve Endings Secretory Tissue Clinical Pharmacology-Uses Toxicity Histamine Antagonist Introduction Histamine Antagonist Pharmacodynamics H1 Receptor Blockade H1 Receptor Antagonists General Properties Receptor Types:  Sites of Action Non-Histamine Receptor-Mediated Effects Sedation Antiemetic/Antinausea AntiParkinsonism Anticholinergic Anti-α-adrenergic Anti-Serotonergic Local Anesthetic Clinical Uses: H1 Histamine Receptor Blockers Allergic Reactions H1 histamine receptor blockers Second-generation H1 histamine receptor blockers Motion Sickness Nausea and Vomiting (Pregnancy) H1 Blockers: Toxicity Allergic Rhinitis H1 Antihistamines - Uses Newer H1 Antihistamines Topical α-adrenergic Agonists Oral α-adrenergic Agonists Cromolyn sodium Intranasal glucocorticoids Immunotherapy Drug-Drug Interactions Second-generation H1 blockers H2 Receptor Antagonists Introduction/Overview Drug Listing Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of Action Effects on organ systems Gastric Acid Secretion and Stomach motility Effects unrelated to H2 receptor blockade Clinical Uses: H2 Receptor Antagonists Peptic Ulcer Duodenal Disease Gastric Ulcer Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Hypersecretory States Toxicity: H2 Receptor Antagonists Drug-Drug Interactions Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:  Histamine and Bradykinins Practice question set #1 (General Histamine Pharmacology; H2 Antagonists) (8 mcq) Practice question set #2 (Histamine Pharmacology II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Histamine H1 Receptor Antagonists) (10 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Histamine H1 vs. H2 Antagonists) (10 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Histamine Antagonist Metabolism and Side Effects) (10 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Clinical Applications of Histamine Antagonists and Side Effects) (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Histamine H2 Antagonists) (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Histamine Antagonists: Clinical Applications) (10 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Kinins I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #10 (Kinins II) (10 mcq) Flashcards set #1 Return to top of Page   Serotonin Pharmacology Chemistry Storage Major site-ECC CNS locations CNS effects Degradation Pharmacodynamics-Mechanisms of Action Serotonin Receptor Subtypes Tissue and Organ Systems Cardiovascular Actions Gastrointestinal Effects Nervous System Clinical Pharmacology Medications Used to Treat Migraine (Short Video) Serotonin Agonists Buspirone (BuSpar) Sumatriptan (Imitrex) Migrane Mechanism Video Adverse Effects Contraindications Serotonin Antagonists Cyproheptadine (Periactin) Clinical Use Ketansarin Ritanserin Ondansetron (Zofran) Anti-emetics (short Podcast) Clinical Uses Granisetron (Kytril) Tropisetron Dolasetron Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Serotonin Pharmacology Practice question set #1 (Serotonin Synthesis; Localization; GI Effects) (10 mcq) Practice question set #2 (General Serotonin Pharmacology II (10 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Serotonin System in Emesis: Serotonin Agents as Antiemetics) (10 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Autacoid Pharmacology) (10 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Serotonin and the Central Nervous System) (10 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Serotonin and Sleep; Cardiovascular Aspects) (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Serotonin Agents and Organ System Effects) (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Serotonin and Carcinoid; Serotonin Syndrome) (10 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Serotonin and Migrane) (10 mcq) Practice question set #10 (Triptans and other agents in Migrane Management) (10 mcq) Practice exam #1 (17 mcq) Practice exam #2 (37mcq) Flashcards set #1  Serotonin Videos Migrane Medications (2 min) Migrane Mechanisms(14 min) Anti-Emetics (8 min) Return to top of Page   Vasoactive Peptide Pharmacology Angiotensin Overview: Biosynthesis Renin and regulation of renin secretion Renin-Angiotensin System Activity Renin-Angiotensin short video Renin Secretion Rate Macula densa Renal Vascular Receptors Angiotensin II Sympathetic nervous system Drug Effects Stimulation Inhibition Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Angiotensinase Angiotensin II - Actions Sites of Action Renin-Angiotensin Systems Physiology Direct Renal Effects:  Table Cardiovascular Effects Vasopressor response Autonomic responses Inotropism Adrenal Cortical Effects Renal Effects CNS Effects Cell-growth/mitogenic actions Angiotensin Receptors Overview Major Receptor Subtypes -AT1 & AT2 Vascular Smooth Muscle - Coupling Mechanisms Renin-Angiotensin_Inhibitors Blockade of Renin Secretion Renin Inhibitors Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) ACE inhibitors: Clinical Use Angiotensin Antagonists Amino acid substitutions Saralasin Receptor Blockers Losartan,Valsartan Clinical Uses Kinins Overview Kallikreins Localization Kallikrein Precursors Kininogens Tissue and Plasma Kinin Formation Bradykinins Lysylbradykinins Methionyllysylbradykinins Physiological Effects Cardiovascular Vasodilatation Mechanism of Action Vasoconstriction Mechanism of Action Blood Pressure Effects Endocrine and Exocrine Effects Inflammation Sensory Nerves Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Vasoactive Peptide Pharmacology Practice question set #1 (Renin-Angiotensin) (10 mcq) Practice question set #2 (Renin-Angiotensin) (10 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Renin-Angiotensin) (10 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Kinins) (10 mcq) Case #1 (2 mcq) Case #2 (3 mcq) Return to top of Page  Vasoactive Peptide Video Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (4 min) Return to top of page    Pulmonary Pharmacology Introduction Definition Frequency of Occurrence Asthma Types Triggering Factors Pathogenic Mechanisms Systems Pathophysiology Pathophysiologic manifestations Characteristics of compromised pulmonary function Clinical Features Differential Diagnosis Rationale for Pharmacological Intervention Drugs Used in Asthma Management Cromolyn (Intal) and Nedocromil (Tilade) Methylxanthines Sympathomimetic Drugs Muscarinic Antagonists Corticosteroids Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:  Asthma, COPD, Pulmonary Hypertension Practice question set #1 (Introduction to Asthma Pharmacology) (10 mcq) Practice question set #2 (Pathophysiology of Asthma) (10 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Basic and Clinical Aspects of Asthma) (10 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)) (10 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Bronchodilator Drugs; β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists) (10 mcq) Practice question set #6 (β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists (Long and Short Acting):  Inhaled Corticosteroids) (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists; Methylxanthines) (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Methylxanthines; Antimuscarinic Agents) (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Inhaled Corticosteroids I; Antimuscarinic Drugs) (10 mcq) Practice question set #10 (Inhaled Corticosteroids II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #11 (Inhaled Corticosteroids III:  Side/Adverse Effects) (10 mcq) Practice question set #12 (Cromolyn; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #13 (Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #14:  (Targeted Monoclonal Antibody Therapy, e.g. Omalizumab, Mepolizumab,  Benralizumab) (13 mcq) Practice question set #15 (Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension I:  Prostenoids) (10 mcq) Practice question set #16 (Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension II:  Endothelin (10 mcq) Receptor Blockers; Phosphodiesterase Type-5 Inhibitors) Flashcards set #1 Return to top of Page  Pulmonary Pharmacology Videos Asthma Guidelines 2020 (49 min) Asthma:  Diagnosis and Treatment (7 min) Types of Asthma Medications (4 min)     Renal Pharmacology Renal Physiology Review Diuretic Drug Classes Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Clinical Applications Toxicity Loop Diuretics Mechanism of Action Properties Clinical Uses Toxicity Thiazide Diuretics Properties Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Toxicity Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Mechanism of Action Clinical Uses Toxicity Osmotic Diuretics Properties Clinical Uses Toxicity Diuretic Therapy in Hypertension Diuretics and Antihypertensive Medications (Short Video) Clinical Uses of Diuretics Adverse Effects of Diuretic Drugs Diuretics and Management of Calcium Metabolism Disorders Thiazides and Management of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Central (Cranial) Diabetes Insipidus Management of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone Lithium and Diabetes Insipidus Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:  Diuretic Drugs Practice question set #1 (Osmotic Diuretics) (8 multiple choice questions (mcq) Practice question set #2 (Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors I) (7 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Loop Diuretics) (8 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Diuretic Classes) (25 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Diuretic Introduction; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors III) (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors IV) (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors) (10 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Osmotic Diuretics I e.g. Mannitol) (10 mcq) Practice question set #10 (Osmotic Diuretics II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #11 (Vasopressin (ADH); Diabetes Insipidus) (10 mcq) Practice question set #12 (Sites of action of Diuretic Agents) (10 mcq) Practice question set #13 (Loop of Henle Diuretics I, e.g. furosemide) (8 mcq) Practice question set #14 (Loop Diuretics II e.g. furosemide) (10 mcq) Practice question set #15 (Loop Diuretics III) (10 mcq) Practice question set #16 (Loop Diuretic Clinical Uses; Adverse Effects) (10 mcq) Practice question set #17 (Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Drugs I:  Classification and Site of Action) (10 mcq) Practice question set #18 (Thiazide Diuretics II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #19 (Thiazide Diuretics III) (10 mcq) Practice question set #20 (Potassium-Sparing Diuretics I ) (10 mcq) Practice question set #21 (Potassium-Sparing Diuretics II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #22 (Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists) (10 mcq) Practice exam #1 (19 mcq) Practice exam #2 (36 mcq)    Pharmacology of Gastrointestinal Drugs Overview Classification of peptic ulcers Gastric Physiology Gastric Mucosa-Acid Secretion Oxidative phosphorylation Regulation of Gastric Acid Secretion Gastrin-stimulatory Vagal effects-stimulatory Role of histamine Parietal Cell Membrane Receptors Physiological Stumulants of Gastric Acid Secretion Food Cephalic Gastric Intestinal Physiological Inhibition of Gastric Acid Secretion Factors Somatostatin Effects Role of pepsin in peptic ulcer disease Pathogenic Factors Helicobacter Pylorii H. Pylorii Management: Clinical Efficacy Other Pathogenic Factors Involvement in Carcinogenesis Drug Treatment Helicobacter pylorii Bismuth Triple Therapy Drawbacks of Triple Therapy Antacids H2 Receptor Antagonists Anticholinergic Drugs Coating Agents Sucralfate Colloidal Bismuth Prostaglandins Proton Pump Inhibitors Important GI Drugs:  Listing Other GI Drugs  Gastrokinetic Agents Antacids (used as preoperative medication) Antiemetic Drugs Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Gastrointestinal Drugs Practice question set #1 (Peptic Ulcer Disease Overview) (15 mcq) Practice question set #2 (Proton Pump Inhibitors I, e.g. lansoprazole) (10 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Proton Pump Inhibitors II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Proton Pump Inhibitors III) (10 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Proton Pump Inhibitors IV:  Clinical Correlations) (10 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Antacids; H2 Receptor Antagonists I) (8 mcq) Practice question set #7 (H2 Receptor Antagonists II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (H2 Receptor Antagonists III) (10 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Mucosal Protective Agents I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #10 (Mucosal Protective Agents II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #11 (Mucosal Protective Agents III) (5 mcq) Practice question set #12  (Prokinetic Drugs I) (8 mcq) Practice question set #13   (Prokinetic Drugs II:  Dopamine Systems, Metoclopramide) (10 mcq) Practice question set #14 (Prokinetic Drugs III: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects) (10 mcq) Practice question set #15 (Prokinetic Drugs IV:  Domperidone, Cisapride I, Tegaserod; Serotonin System) (10 mcq) Practice question set #16 (Prokinetic Drugs V:  Cisapride II; Prucalopride) (10 mcq) Practice question set #17 (Laxatives: Bulk Forming Agents) (10 mcq) Practice question set #18 (Laxatives:  Osmotically-Active Preparations I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #19 (Laxatives:  Osmotically-Active Agents II; Stool Softeners) (8 mcq) Practice question set #20 (Laxatives:  Stimulants I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #21 (Laxatives:  Stimulants II) (8 mcq) Practice question set #22 (Agents that Enhance Cl- Secretion) (10 mcq) Practice question set #23 (Management of Opioid-Induced Constipation I) (9 mcq) Practice question set #24 (Management of Opioid-Induced Constipation II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #25 (Management of Opioid-Induced Constipation III) (10 mcq) Practice question set #26 (Antidiarrheal Drugs) (10 mcq) Practice question set #27 (Antidiarrheal Agents; Bismuth, Probiotics) (9 mcq) Practice question set #28 (Antidiarrheal Agents:  Opioids I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #29 (Antidiarrheal Agents:  Opioids II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #30 (Antidiarrheal Agents:  Clonidine, Octreotide I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #31 (Antidiarrheal Agents:  Octreotide II) (7 mcq) Practice question set #32 (Antidiarrheal Agents:  Bile-Salt Binding Resins) (10 mcq) Practice question set #33 (Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)) (10 mcq) Practice question set #34 (Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS):  Alosetron; Eluxadoline) (10 mcq) Practice question set #35 (Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS):  Anti-cholinergic Drugs; Rifaximin) (10 mcq) Practice question set #36 (Antinauseants and Antiemetics:  5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #37 (Antinauseants and Antiemetics:   5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists II, Clinical Usess) (10 mcq) Practice question set #38 (Antinauseants and Antiemetics :  Dopamine Receptor Blockers I:  Phenothiazines; Olanzapine) (10 mcq) Practice question set #39 (Antinauseants and Antiemetics:  Histamine H1 Receptor Antagonists) (10 mcq) Practice question set #40 (Antinauseants and Antiemetics:  Neurokinin 1 (NK1) Antagonists (10 mcq) Practice question set #41 (Antinauseants and Antiemitics:  Dronabinol; Nabilone) (12 mcq) Practice question set #42 (Inflammatory Bowel Disease:  Overview) (10 mcq) Practice question set #43 (Inflammatory Bowel Disease:  Mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid)-based agents I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #44 (Inflammatory Bowel Disease: 5-ASA and Related drugs II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #45 (Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Drugs Options and IBD Severity; Corticosteroids) (10 mcq) Practice question set #46 (Inflammatory Bowel Disease:  Azathioprine, Mercaptopurine) (10 mcq) Practice question set #47 (Inflammatory Bowel Disease:  Methotrexate) (13 mcq) Practice question set #48 (Inflammatory Bowel Disease:  Cyclosporine) (10 mcq) Practice question set #49 (Inflammatory Bowel Disease:   Anti-TNF-α Monoclonal Antibodies) (11 mcq) Flashcards set #1 Flashcards set #2 Practice exam #1 (20 mcq) Practice exam #2 (19 mcq) Practice exam #3 (19 mcq) Case #1 (2 mcq) Case #2 (3 mcq)  GI Videos H. pylori and cancer I (25 min) H. pylori and cancer II (31 min)

Adrenocorticosteroid Pharmacology: Adrenocorticosteroids and Adrenocortical Antagonists Overview Natural Adrenocortical Hormones Clinical uses Control over Adrenocorticoid Secretion Adrenocorticosteroids Major Categories of Action Glucocorticoids Pharmacokinetics Synthesis Characteristics Cortisol metabolism Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of action Receptor Properties Receptor activation sequence Physiological Effects Metabolic Effects Overview Hepatic Effects Adipocytes Fasting State Catabolic Effects Anti-inflammatory/Immunosupression Effects Other Effects Return to top of Page Synthetic Adrenocorticosteroids Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Clinical Pharmacology Altered Adrenal Function: Diagnosis and Treatment Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison's Disease) Overview Etiology/Pathogenesis Adrenal Gland Destruction AIDS Tuberculosis Idiopathic Atrophy Presenting Signs and Symptoms Asthenia Hyperpigmentation Arterial hypotension Gastrointestinal disturbance Primary Adrenocortical insufficiency: Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Testing Laboratory findings Diagnosis Glucocorticoid Reserve Test Treatment of Primary Adrenocortical Deficiency (Addison's Disease) Replacement Therapy Cortisol: Therapeutic Mainstay Mineralocorticoid component:  Fludrocortisone Special Considerations Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency Most Frequent Cause Prognosis Prevention Treatment Return to top of Page Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Most Common Deficiency Decrease or Lack of Cytochrome P450c22 Increased Compensatory ACTH Physiological Consequences 11-hydroxylation Defects 17-hydroxylation Defects Treatment Cushing's Syndrome Primary Cause Short Video Primary Non-iatrogenic cause Incidence Manifestations Short-term Treatment Patient Management Diagnosis/Dexamethasone Suppression Testing Primary Aldosteronism Overview Most common cause Other Causes Physiological Effects: Aldosterone Hypersecretion Diagnosis Clinical Presentation Treatment: Surgery / Aldosterone antagonists Secondary Aldosteronism Cause Associations Pregnancy Hypertension Renal tumors Physiological characteristics Return to top of Page Adrenocorticosteroids in Treatment of Nonadrenal Disorders Adrenocortical Steroids and Fetal Lung Maturation Glucocorticoid Toxicity Metabolic Effects Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome Other effects Adrenal Suppression Precautions Contraindications ACTH use Corticosteroid dosage forms Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone Desoxycorticosterone Fludrocortisone Adrenal Androgens Antagonists of Adrenocortical Function Metyrapone Aminoglutethimide Ketoconazole Mifepristone (RU-486) Mineralocorticoid Antagonists Spironolactone Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:  Adrenocorticosteroid Pharmacology Practice question set #1 (Natural and Synthetic Corticosteroids) (18 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (Adrenal Insufficiency) (20 mcq) Case #1 (6 mcq) Return to top of Page  Adrenocorticosteroid Videos Pituitary Tumor Roundtable I  (6 min) Pituitary Tumor Roundable II  (6 min) Return to top of Page     Pharmacological Management of Diabetes Islets of Langerhans Pancreatic Islet Alpha Cell Stimulation Pancreatic Islet Beta Cell Stimulation Diabetes:  Effects of Insulin Deficiency Diabetes mellitus Type I Type II Properties of Type I Diabetes Catabolic Disorder Possible Causes Autoimmune Mechanism Pancreatic Beta-Cell Destruction Immune-Directed Pancreatic Beta-Cell destruction Overview of Clinical Presentation: Type I Diabetes Type 1 diabetes: Sam's story--patient perspective Onset Symptoms secondary to hyperglycemia Acute metabolic decompensation Causes of diabetic ketoacidosis Clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis Diagnosis of ketoacidosis Treatment of ketoacidosis Treatment response Outcome Properties of IDDM and NIDDM Return to top of Page Late Complications of Diabetes Circulatory Abnormalities Retinopathy Nephropathy Treatment Foot Ulcers Autonomic Dysfunction Properties of Type II Diabetes Pathophysiological Phases Clinical Presentations Presenting Syndrome Syndrome properties Prognosis Treatment of Hyperosmolar States Type II Diabetes Treatment Overview Insulin Overview Insulin:  Two Chains Insulin Synthetic Pathway Secretion Proposed Mechanism Insulin Degradation Insulin Receptor Composition Insulin Receptor Ectodomain Monomeric, dimeric forms and combinations Activation Altered affinity Return to top of Page Target Sites Glucose Transporters GLUT 4 Table Summary : Endocrine Effects of Insulin on Liver, Muscle, and Adipose Tissue  Liver Hepatic Insulin Actions Mechanisms for insulin-hepatic actions "Fed" state repression of gluconeogenic enzymes Other hepatic effects Muscle Adipose Tissue Insulin Preparations Four principle types Insulin modifications Subcutaneous insulin therapy Ultra-short acting Short-acting Clinical Use Intermediate-and long-acting insulin NPH insulin Insulin mixtures Insulin Species Beef and pork insulins Human insulins Human proinsulin Delivery systems Insulin Treatment: Overview Glycemic Control Complications of insulin treatment Hypoglycemia Autonomic hyperactivity Treatment Insulin: Immunopathology Return to top of Page Oral hypoglycemics: Categories Sulfonylureas Table of Soulfonylureas Tolbutamide (Orinase) Chlorpropamide (Diabinese) Tolazamide (Tolinase) Acetohexamide Second Generation Sulfonylureas Glyburide (Micronase, DiaBeta) Glipizide Glucotrol) Glimepiride (Amaryl) Secondary Failure and Tachyphylaxis to Sulfonylureas Combination of sulfonylureas and insulin Biguanides Metformin (Glucophage) Proposed Mechanism of Action Clinical Use Toxic/Adverse Effects Contraindications Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor Acarbose Adverse Effects Thiazolidinedione Derivatives Troglitazone (Rezulin) (withdrawn from market!) Mechanism of Action Clinical Effectiveness Rosiglitazone (Avandia) Glucagon Overview Pharmacological Activity Consequences Cardiovascular Smooth Muscle Glucagon-clinical use Glucagon adverse effects Return to top of Page  Pharmacology Practice Questions:   Anti-Diabetic Drugs Practice question set #1 (Diabetes Overview I) (20 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (Complications of Insulin Administration; Insulin Release Inhibitors) (10 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Diabetes Management: Drug Classes; Drug Side Effects) (20 mcq) Practice question set #4 (Diabetes Overview II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #5 (Diabetes Overview III) (10 mcq) Practice question set #6 (Diabetes Overview IV) (10 mcq) Practice question set #7 (Diabetes Overview V) (10 mcq) Practice question set #8 (Insulin I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #9 (Insulin II) (10 mcq) Practice questions set #10 (Adverse insulin effects; Diabetic ketoacidosis) (10 mcq) Practice questions set #11 (Therapeutic Objectives, Management, Background) (10 mcq) Practice question set #12 (Insulin III) (13 mcq) Practice question set #13 (Insulin in Type 1 and Type 2) (10 mcq) Practice question set #14 (Type 1 Diabetes:  Insulin and Adjunct Agents) (10 mcq) Practice question set #15 (Type 2 Diabetes: Monotherapy and Combination Therapy) (10 mcq) Practice question set #16 (Type 2 Diabetes:  Empagliflozin) (10 mcq) Practice question set #17 (Type 2 Diabetes:  Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in Renal and Cardiovascular Disease) (8 mcq) Practice question set #18 (Type 2 Diabetes:  Children and Adolescents and General questions)  (8 mcq) Practice question set #19 (Type 2 Diabetes:  Sulfonylureas I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #20 (Type 2 Diabetes:  Sulfonylureas II) (10 mcq) Practice question set #21 (Type 2 Diabetes:  Repaglinide (Prandin) (14 mcq) Practice question set #22 (Type 2 Diabetes:  Nateglinide (Starix) (11 mcq) Practice question set #23 (Type 2 Diabetes:  Metformin (Glucophage and others) (14 mcq) Practice question set #24 (Type 2 Diabetes:  (Thiozolidinediones:  Pioglitazone (Actos) and Rosiglitazone (Avandia) (13 mcq) Practice question set #25 (Type 2 Diabetes: (GLP-1 Introduction I) (10 mcq) Practice question set #26 (Type 2 Diabetes: GLP-1 drug:  Exenatide (Byetta) (13 mcq) Practice question set #27 (Type 2 Diabetes:  GLP-1 drug:  Liragultide (Victoza) (14 mcq) Practice question set #28 (Type 2 Diabetes:  GLP-1 drug:  Dulaglutide (Trulicity) (9 mcq) Practice question set #29 (Type 2 Diabetes:   GLP-1 drug:  Lixisenatide (Adlyxin) (12 mcq) Return to top of Page  Diabetes Management Video Sam's Story  (6 min) Type 2 Diabetes: Treatment I (9 min) Type 2 Diabetes:  Treatment II (78 min) Return to top of Page    Pharmacological Management of Coagulation Disorders Introduction Blood Coagulation: Mechanisms Thrombogenesis: Sequence/Characteristics Injury White Thrombus Red Thrombus Summary: Platelets Blood Coagulation Overview Sequence Cascade Drug Influences Clotting Factors: Drug Clotting Sites Coagulation and Fibrinolysis: Regulation Systems regulating coagulation Inactivation of coagulation proteins Plasma protease inhibitors Failure of plasma protease inhibitor systems Diseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Fibrolysis Drug interventions: fibrinolytic system: Activators Inhibitors Return to top of Page Anticoagulant Drugs: Pharmacology Heparin Composition Mechanism of Action Bioassay Toxicity Contraindications Reversal of Effect Warfarin/Coumarin Chemistry/Pharmcokinetics Oral Anticoagulation Mechanism of Action Toxicity Miscellaneous Adverse Effects Drug-Drug Interactions Most Serious Interaction: increase anticoagulation Decrease in anticoagulation Pharmacodynamic Effects Reversal of Warfarin anticoagulation Other related Agents Return to top of Page Fibrolytic Drugs Overview Pharmacology Streptokinase Urokinase Anistreplase t-PA Clinical Uses Antithrombotic Agents- Antiplatelet Drugs Overview Regulation of Platelet Function Pharmacological Targets Aspirin Mechanims of Action Clinical Use Adverse Effects Dietary Ticlopidine Clinical Use Adverse Effects Blockade of GP IIb/IIIa Clinical Use Return to top of Page Pharmacological Management of Thrombosis Venous Thrombosis Acquired Disease Antithrombotic Management Prevention Heparin Oral Anticoagulants Venous Thrombosis-established Arterial Thrombosis Platelet-inhibiting agents Clinical Uses Drugs Used in Bleeding Disorders Vitamin K Clinical Issues: Vitamin K Plasma Fractions-- Bleeding due to factor deficiencies Overview Coagulation Defects Factor VIII Desmopressin acetate Factor IX Fibrinogen Fibrinolytic Inhibitors: Aminocaproic Acid Clinical Uses Adverse Effects Return to top of Page Pharmacology Practice Questions:  Drugs that Influence Coagulation Practice question set #1 (General Questions) (10 multiple choice questions (mcq)) Practice question set #2 (Heparin, Enoxaparin, Coumarin Agents) (10 mcq) Practice question set #3 (Fibrolytics) (10 mcq) Flashcard set #1 Practice exam #1 (10 mcq) Return to top of Page

Primary Sources for Information Used in Practice Questions and Content Harrisons's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th edition and earlier editions (Kasper D Fauci A, Hauser S Longo D Jameson JL and Loscalzo J, eds) 2015;  McGraw-Hill Education. Harrisons's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th edition and earlier editions (Kasper D Fauci A, Hauser S Longo D Jameson JL and Loscalzo J, eds) 2018;  McGraw-Hill Education. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th editions and earlier editions (Brunton LL Hilal-Dandan R Knollmann BC, eds) 2018;  McGraw-Hill Education. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 14th edition and earlier editions Katzung BG,  2018; McGraw-Hill Education. Cancer:  Principles & Practice of Oncology 11th edition and earlier edictions (DeVita, Jr VT Lawrence TS Rosenberg SA, eds) 2019; Wolters Kluwer Cancer Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy and Biotherapy Principles and Practice 6th edition, (Chabner BA Longo DL, eds) 2019; Wolters Kluwer Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry 8th Edition (Roche VF Zito SW Lemke TL Williams DA, eds), 2020 Wolters Kluwer Drug Monographs; Access Medicine on-line.

 

• Pharmacology site development  Michael Gordon, Ph.D.

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